AgroEnvironmental Sustainability (ISSN 2583-942X; Abbreviation: AgroEnviron. Sustain.) is an international, scholarly, and scientific open-access journal that publishes peer-reviewed research, review, communication, and editorial articles showcasing how sustainability can be achieved through interdisciplinarity of agriculture and environmental sciences subjects. The journal brings forward scientific information that addresses challenges in agriculture, economic, social, health, and environmental aspects. Aims and Scope By promoting a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach, AgroEnvironmental Sustainability aims to advance the field of agroenvironmental sustainability, facilitate sustainable agricultural practices, and contribute to the achievement of global food security while minimizing environmental impacts. Abstracting and Indexing Google Scholar | Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): Sweden | AGRIS: International System for Agricultural Science and Technology, FAO-UN | J-Gate: Informatics Publishing Ltd., IN | Crossref Metadata | Dimensions: Digital Science, UK | BASE - Bielefeld University Library | Open Archives: OAI-PMH, USA | Scilit Database: MDPI | OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service: USA | PKP Preservation Network (PKP PN) | CORE: UK | Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI) | OpenAlex: OurResearch/Arcadia, UK | Semantic Scholar - USA | Discovery - Researcher.Life: Cactus Communications | Simon Fraser University Library: ExLibris Primo Part of Clarivate
Society for AgroEnvironmental Sustainability
Adoption and Productivity Assessment of Zinc-Biofortified Wheat (Akbar-19) Among Smallholder Farmers in District Khyber, Pakistan
Section: Research Keywords: food and nutritional security, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, malnutrition, micronutrient, smallholder farmers, zinc biofortified wheat Micronutrient malnutrition, particularly zinc deficiency, remains a critical public health challenge in Pakistan, where wheat is the dominant staple food but inherently low in zinc. Bio-fortification offers a sustainable solution by enhancing the micronutrient content of staple crops. This study evaluates the adoption and impact of zinc-biofortified wheat (Akbar-19) among 200 smallholder farmers in District Khyber, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A mixed-methods design was employed during the wheat season of 2024–25. Two hundred farmer received certified Akbar‑19 seed, fertilizers and technical guidance. Adoption behavior, seed retention, yield performance, and household food security outcomes were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that Akbar-19 achieved significantly higher yields, averaging 1700 kg acre⁻¹ compared with conventional wheat varieties (1300 kg acre⁻¹) grown simultaneously on adjacent control plots during the same season. Seed retention was high, with 86% of households saving 2–4 maunds for future planting, and 60% sharing seed within communities. Awareness of zinc’s health benefits increased from 20% at baseline to 100% post‑intervention. This study contributes to current knowledge by demonstrating that zinc‑biofortified wheat can simultaneously improve productivity (30.77%) and nutritional awareness under real farming conditions. The findings highlight the potential of farmer‑led seed saving and informal sharing networks to sustain adoption. However, as results are limited to one season and location, broader conclusions require multi‑season, multi‑location trials and clinical validation of nutritional outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biodiversity Protection Laws and Policies in India: A Critical Review of Biological Diversity Act 2002 and Its Implementation Gaps
Section: Review Keywords: access and benefit sharing, biodiversity governance, biodiversity protection, Biological Diversity Act 2002, Kunming-Montreal framework, National Biodiversity Authority Biodiversity underpins human well-being through ecosystem services that support public health, food security, and climate resilience. India, a megadiverse nation, covers approximately 2.4% of the planet's land area yet harbours about 8% of the world's recorded species, including over 49,000 plants and approximately 102,000 animals (as of 2026). Accelerating anthropogenic pressures like habitat loss, overexploitation, climate-induced ecosystem disruption, and unauthorised appropriation of biological resources through biopiracy threaten this heritage, with an estimated one million species at risk of extinction within decades. This review critically examines India's Biological Diversity Act, 2002, the principal statute establishing a three-tier institutional framework comprising the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA), State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs), and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs). By September 2025, India had established 2,76,653 BMCs and 2,72,648 People's Biodiversity Registers, and between 2017 and 2025 mobilised Rs 216.31 crore through the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanism. Using a qualitative, document-based methodology drawing on primary legal instruments, India's first Nagoya Protocol Implementation Report (2026), international treaties, and peer-reviewed scholarship, the review identifies ten major implementation gaps including weak institutional capacity, inadequate funding, low public awareness, incomplete PBRs, poor enforcement, and overlapping jurisdictional mandates. It further analyses the implications of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023, the Biological Diversity Rules, 2024, and the ABS Regulations, 2025 for community rights and conservation outcomes, and concludes with evidence-based recommendations aligned with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) and India's 2030 commitments.
Efficiency Assessment of 80MLD Activated Sludge-based Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: activated sludge process, Naini STP, nitrate, wastewater treatment The treatment of wastewater is necessary to reduce the intensity of the water scarcity problem worldwide. In developing countries like India, wastewater treatment is also a challenging task due to a lack of essential services (energy, cost, and skilled manpower), which affects the efficiency of treatment plants. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to assess the efficiency of the sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Naini, Allahabad, India. The results of the current study revealed that the overall efficiency of STP for physical parameters was in the order of TSS (88.43%) > Turbidity (85.18%) > TDS (22.51%). On the other hand, the chemical parameters were in the order of Phosphate (89.47%) > Sulphate (87.12%) > COD (87.04%) > BOD (86.19%) > Nitrate (73.02%). Similarly, the efficiency for heavy metals was in the order of Fe (88.89%) > Cu (60.42%) > Cr (54.93%) > As (45.60%). The treated waste can be reused for irrigating the golf course, greenway, and the park, or for groundwater storage in a safe way. In order to improve the efficiencies of the STPs, the treatment systems must be properly operated and maintained, sources of raw sewage need to be identified, and existing facilities should be upgraded accordingly. In terms of proper operation and maintenance, trained and experienced workers are required within a defined period of time to assess treatment performance.
Waterbird Assemblage Structure, Seasonal Dynamics and Anthropogenic Pressures in Sengulam Lake, An Urban Wetland of the Noyyal River Basin, South India
Section: Research Keywords: urban avifauna, waders, waterbirds, wetland conservation, wetland pollution Urban wetlands are increasingly threatened by pollution, habitat modification, and unregulated human activities, despite supporting significant avifaunal diversity. This study assessed the waterbird assemblage structure and anthropogenic pressures in Sengulam Lake, an urban wetland in Coimbatore within the Noyyal River basin, south India (March 2025 to February 2026), using vantage point count method. A total of 151 avian species belonging to 19 orders and 56 families were recorded. Passeriformes was the dominant order (57 species), while Ardeidae was the dominant family (11 species). The resident species predominated (110 species), followed by winter visitors (36 species) and local migrants (5 species). The assemblage was largely composed of Least Concern species (148 species), with two Near Threatened species - Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis and Asian Woollyneck Ciconia episcopus, and one Vulnerable species River Tern Sterna aurantia. Carnivorous and omnivorous birds formed the dominant feeding guilds throughout the study period. Species richness (119 species) and abundance (1676 individuals) were the highest in December. Shannon diversity remained consistently high (3.16–3.80), with low Simpson’s dominance values (0.038–0.090), indicating the absence of strong dominance by any single species. Temporal beta diversity (βSOR = 0.634) was mainly driven by species turnover (βSIM = 0.476). Major threats were sewage inflow, solid waste dumping, water hyacinth invasion, recreational disturbance, stray dogs, and habitat alteration. These pressures affected multiple avifaunal guilds through habitat degradation, altered foraging behaviour, and displacement. The study highlights the need for sewage management, invasive species control, and shoreline protection, thereby emphasising the conservation importance of Sengulam-Lake.
Assessment of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Cultivation and Its Economic Importance in Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Section: Research Keywords: agricultural production, Helmand province, improved seeds, melon cultivation, tield performance, traditional farming Melon is one of the important agricultural crops in Afghanistan, particularly in Helmand Province, where it plays a significant role in farmers’ income. However, its production is still largely based on traditional farming practices, and the limited use of modern agricultural technologies negatively affects both yield and quality. The objective of this study was to assess the current status of melon production in Helmand Province, evaluate the effect of seed type on yield, and identify the major constraints and challenges faced by farmers. This study was conducted between March 30, 2014 and July 6, 2015 in selected villages of Lashkar Gah, Garmser, and Nawah districts through face-to-face interviews with 37 farmers using a structured questionnaire consisting of 33 questions. The collected data were organized and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, including averages, percentages, and comparative analysis. The results indicated that most farmers use local seeds, resulting in low yields (15–25 tons/ha), while farmers using improved seeds achieved higher yields (45–55 tons/ha). Statistical analysis indicated that seed type has a significant effect on crop yield. Furthermore, traditional irrigation practices, limited use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and marketing constraints negatively affect both production and income levels. In general, the study indicates that the use of improved seeds, enhancement of agricultural practices, efficient water management, and improved marketing facilities can significantly increase melon production and farmers’ income.
Garlic as a Climate-Resilient Crop for Smallholder Farming Systems in Khyber District, Pakistan
Section: Research Keywords: certified seed, climate resilience, garlic, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, smallholder farmers, yield productivity Garlic production has significant potential to enhance food security and income generation among smallholder farmers in Pakistan. This study evaluates the impact of improved garlic cultivation practices using certified seed on productivity in District Khyber, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A total of 20 beneficiary farmers were selected, and field trials were conducted during the 2024–25 growing season. The study considered three key factors: landholding size, land allocated for garlic cultivation, and farmer experience. Data were analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and treatment means were compared using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% probability level. The results showed that farmers with smaller landholdings (>1 acre) achieved the highest yield (8.21 t ha-¹), compared to those with larger landholdings (<5 acres), who recorded the lowest yield (5.00 t ha-¹). Similarly, farmers cultivating garlic on smaller, intensively managed plots (1 kanal) achieved higher yields (8.43 t ha-¹) than those cultivating larger areas (6.07 t ha-¹). Farmer experience also had a significant effect on productivity, with experienced farmers (≤5 years) achieving higher yields (8.10 t ha-¹) than inexperienced farmers (5.00 t ha-¹).The findings indicate that garlic is a climate-resilient and economically viable crop for smallholder farmers, particularly when supported with certified seed and improved agronomic practices. The study highlights the importance of targeted interventions to enhance productivity and strengthen rural livelihoods in Khyber District.
Ecological Foundations of Indigenous Pastoral Innovations for Climate Resilience: Evidence from the Succulent Karoo Rangeland, Richtersveld National Park, South Africa
Section: Research Keywords: arid rangelands, climate resilience, herd mobility, indigenous knowledge, pastoralism, riparian key resource Dryland pastoral systems across Africa are routinely characterised as ecologically fragile and economically marginal, yet the herding communities that inhabit them have, over centuries, developed detailed, place-calibrated knowledge of how rainfall pulses translate into forage. In Richtersveld National Park (RNP), South Africa's Northern Cape, the Nama people's annual transhumance between Succulent Karoo uplands and the Orange River riparian zone is one such system. Drawing on stratified vegetation surveys, allometric browse measurements, satellite-derived productivity data, and soil nutrient profiling conducted across five vegetation types between 2006 and 2008, this study examines the ecological mechanisms underlying this pastoral system. Annual plant biomass was most strongly predicted by rainfall (R² = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56–0.79; F(1,58) = 36.90, p < 0.01), with grazing pressure and landform accounting for far less variance. Shrub biomass in the Succulent Karoo peaked at 962.8 g/m², nearly twelve times the 81.6 g/m² recorded in the Desert Biome. Riparian grass under low-discharge conditions reached 600–700 g/m² during months when all upland vegetation was dormant. MODIS-derived fPAR values tracked ground-measured biomass closely (R² = 0.89). The results provide quantitative evidence that year-round forage availability is maintained under the existing management regime; whether this translates into sustained livestock body condition or reproductive performance under future climate conditions requires dedicated herd-monitoring data that were beyond the scope of this study. Taken together, the results provide a quantitative ecological rationale for practices that policy has historically dismissed as traditional rather than adaptive.
Climate-Smart Agriculture in a Drying Region: A Scoping Review of Practices, Barriers, and Resilience Pathways in Arizona, USA
Section: Review Keywords: agricultural resilience, Arizona, climate adaptation, Climate-smart agriculture, water scarcity This study synthesizes evidence on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Arizona and closely related Southwestern dryland contexts to identify reported practices, associated resilience outcomes, adoption barriers and enabling factors, and evidence gaps. Following scoping review design, the study conducted searches in Scopus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, AGRICOLA, Academic Search Complete, and Google Scholar, as well as targeted grey literature. The search was conducted between February 2 and March 5, 2026, and retrieved on March 8, 2026. Eligible sources were English-language, full-text studies or credible institutional reports that focused on Arizona agriculture, or on closely related Southwestern dryland agricultural systems with direct relevance to Arizona. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings show that CSA in Arizona is shaped primarily by chronic water scarcity, rising heat, and broader socioecological stress. The most frequently reported practices include water-saving irrigation, crop switching, fallowing, groundwater substitution, cover cropping, compost use, reduced tillage, biological pest control, nature-based solutions, and emerging low-water systems such as agrivoltaics and desert agroforestry. The evidence suggests that resilience outcomes are strongest in the domains of water management, production adjustment under scarcity, and adaptive capacity, while evidence for long-term productivity and environmental gains remains limited. The results further show that adoption is constrained by high transition costs, infrastructure limitations, weak market support for alternative low-water systems, and gaps in training, advisory capacity, and institutional coordination. Overall, the study argues that CSA in Arizona is not a fixed package of practices but an evolving, context-specific response to aridity.
Disentangling Climate and Edaphic Controls on Dryland Vegetation: Evidence from Five-Counties Agro-Ecological Gradient in Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: arid rangeland, canonical correspondence analysis, climate variability, plant species composition, soil properties, vegetation dynamics Kenya's drylands are under growing pressure from both shifting rainfall patterns and declining soil quality, yet these two problems have rarely been examined together across multiple ecological zones. This study investigated how climate change indicators and soil physicochemical properties combine to shape plant communities across five rangeland counties in Kenya i.e., Turkana, Marsabit, West Pokot, Trans Nzoia, and Baringo. A total of 104 plant species were recorded from 426 quadrats (Trans Nzoia: n = 234; Marsabit/Samburu: n = 102; Turkana: n = 58; West Pokot: n = 32) distributed across six vegetation types. Long-term climate records were sourced from five Kenya Meteorological Department stations spanning 1985 to 2023, and 150 composite soil samples from the 0–30 cm depth were analysed for seven physicochemical variables. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that annual rainfall variability (F = 8.17, p < 0.001) and soil electrical conductivity (F = 6.54, p<0.001) were the main drivers of species change across the gradient. A regional warming rate of 0.26 °C per decade (range: 0.18–0.33 °C/decade across sites; n = 426 observation plots) was recorded, coinciding with the loss of palatable grasses and spread of woody shrubs such as Acacia reficiens and Prosopis juliflora. Structural Equation Modelling (RMSEA = 0.060, CFI = 0.97) showed that close to half (45.2%) of the total climate effect on vegetation worked through soil moisture and organic carbon rather than acting on plants directly. These findings can inform county-level early warning systems, invasive species control, and soil-focused land management for Kenya's pastoral communities.
Climate Change Education and Nature Conservation in South Africa: Challenges and Implications for Biodiversity Protection at Kruger National Park
Section: Research Keywords: adaptive management, biodiversity conservation, climate change education, climate literacy, Kruger national park This paper explores the role of Climate Change Education (CCE) in enhancing biodiversity conservation in South Africa, using Kruger National Park as a case study. It highlights how climate change, through rising temperatures, droughts, and increased flooding, threatens ecosystem stability and species survival, while arguing that conservation efforts are weakened when education is not fully integrated into management practices. Using a qualitative, interpretivist approach based on policy and literature analysis, the study identifies key challenges, including limited institutional capacity, fragmented educational implementation, inequitable access, and low climate literacy among stakeholders. The study positions CCE as a transformative tool that promotes climate literacy, adaptive capacity, and pro-environmental behaviour. It demonstrates how strategies such as experiential learning, ranger-led programmes, and curriculum integration can strengthen conservation outcomes. It concludes that institutionalizing CCE as a core component of adaptive management, linked to measurable ecological indicators, can significantly enhance biodiversity resilience and align conservation practice with the realities of climate change.
Effect of the Great Green Wall Initiatives on Livelihood Capitals of Households in the Frontline States in Nigeria
Section: Research Keywords: climate resilience, employment, great green wall initiative, livelihood improvement, rural livelihood The Great Green Wall interventions of the National Agency for the Great Green Wall in Nigeria represent a critical response to the dual challenges of climate change and socio-economic instability. As desertification and land degradation continue to threaten the livelihoods of millions, these interventions aim to provide social protection by enhancing resilience to environmental shocks and improving livelihoods in affected communities. This study analysed the effects of these initiatives on the livelihoods of vulnerable communities in selected frontline states along the Sahel region of Nigeria. It raises questions about how the agency's initiatives have influenced respondents' livelihood capital and whether there is a difference in the livelihood capital of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Utilising a quantitative approach, the research purposively selected 262 respondents from Gombe, Kebbi and Sokoto states on whom structured questionnaires were administered to understand how the interventions affected their livelihood capital. The data were analysed using regression analysis and means. The study revealed that the agency's interventions significantly influenced beneficiaries' livelihood capital, as evidenced by the significant difference in livelihood capital post-intervention. The effect varies across livelihood capital (t = 9.75 for physical, t = 6.55 for human, t = 6.85 for financial, t = 7.69 for social, and t = 4.33 for natural). The livelihood capital of beneficiaries also increased relative to that of non-beneficiaries, highlighting how social welfare intervention programs can improve climate resilience for communities affected by climate change.
Long-term Population Dynamics of Large Wading Birds in Gulf of Mannar Lagoons: Potential Influence of Changing Landscapes with Expanding Agriculture
Section: Research Keywords: agroecosystems, coastal lagoons, large wading birds, long-term monitoring, population trends, Tamil Nadu wetlands Large wading birds are key indicators of wetland ecosystem health and productivity. Despite supporting significant populations, lagoon systems along the coast of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve have received limited studies. The present study analyses long-term (1985-2024) discontinuous population trends (1985-1989, 2005-2007, 2018-2019, 2021-2024) of large wading birds recorded in coastal lagoons at Pillaimadam, Valinokkam, and Dhanushkodi. Bird count data obtained from monthly systematic field surveys were compiled; seasonal peak count per year was taken, and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), Mann–Kendall test, and beta diversity partitioning were employed to assess community assemblage and temporal changes. A total of 15 large wading species belonging to three families were recorded, where egrets constituted the dominant guild. Species richness and diversity substantially increased after 2018. Beta diversity indicated moderate temporal dissimilarity, driven primarily by nestedness, while turnover contributed to a lesser extent. A substantial change in community composition and dominance from Little Egret in earlier years (1985-88 and 2005-07) to Intermediate Egret in the recent period (2018-2024) was recorded. The recent period has also recorded several new species: Black-headed Ibis, Glossy Ibis, Painted Stork and Asian Openbill. Over the last few decades, the observed increase in cultivated land area in Ramanathapuram may have influenced resource availability, thereby altering species composition relative to the earlier study period, but causality remains untested. These findings highlight the ecological importance of lagoon-agriculture mosaics and the need for integrated conservation strategies.
Emerging Chemical Pollutants in Aquatic Systems: Implications for Waterbird Health and Diversity in Indian Waterbodies
Section: Review Keywords: aquatic pollution, avian ecotoxicology, emerging contaminants, Indian wetlands, surfactants, waterbird conservation Emerging chemical pollutants in Indian aquatic systems pose a growing and poorly regulated threat to waterbird populations. India generates approximately 72,368 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage, of which only 28% receives adequate treatment before discharge. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, surfactant metabolites—including nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE; detected at 0.8–22.3 µg/L) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS; detected at 0.4–22.5 mg/L) in major Indian rivers —organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides, heavy metals, and microplastics are contaminating river basins, estuaries, and wetlands of national significance. Waterbirds occupy the apex of aquatic food webs and are consequently susceptible to bioaccumulation and biomagnification of lipophilic contaminants. Across resident and migratory species in India, chemical exposure has been associated with eggshell thinning, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity, behavioural disruption, and population decline. Among 12 threatened or near-threatened waterbird species reviewed, all show documented or inferred chemical exposure risks at key Indian wetlands. This review covers pollutant sources, environmental distribution and fate, and ecotoxicological effects on waterbird health and diversity. It also compares Indian regulatory standards with those of the EU and USA, identifies monitoring gaps, and presents prioritized, actionable recommendations for policy and conservation.
Phytochemical Diversity and Multispectral Pharmacological Activities of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae): An Evidence-Based Review of Bioactive Constituents, Therapeutic Mechanisms, and Emerging Applications
Section: Review Keywords: Azadirachta indica, azadirachtin, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, biopesticide, phytochemistry, neem Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae), commonly designated as neem, is one of the most extensively investigated medicinal trees in tropical and subtropical phytomedicine. Its remarkable pharmacological versatility stems from an exceptionally diverse phytochemical arsenal distributed across all anatomical parts, including leaves, bark, seeds, flowers, and roots. The principal bioactive constituents belong to two broad chemical categories: isoprenoid compounds most notably the tetra-nortri-terpenoid azadirachtin, nimbin, nimbidin, and salannin and non-isoprenoid compounds encompassing flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, and phenolic glycosides. Collectively, these constituents confer upon the plant a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties that have been substantiated by contemporary experimental investigations, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Beyond its therapeutic relevance, A. indica has gained increasing attention in applied research for its roles in green nanotechnology, sustainable agriculture as a biopesticide, and environmental remediation via its bio-flocculant properties. The present review consolidates current evidence on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of A. indica, critically evaluates the mechanistic basis of its pharmacological actions, and identifies priority areas for future translational research and product standardisation.
Plastic Pollution as a Driver of Aquatic Biodiversity Decline: Mechanisms, Ecological Consequences, and Mitigation Imperatives
Section: Review Keywords: aquatic biodiversity, bioaccumulation, ecosystem services, microplastics, plastic pollution, trophic transfer Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pervasive and ecologically disruptive anthropogenic stressors confronting aquatic ecosystems in the twenty-first century. The present review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed literature on the sources, transport pathways, and biological impacts of macro- and microplastic contamination across marine, freshwater, and coastal environments. Physical interactions including ingestion and entanglement inflict direct physiological harm on taxonomically diverse organisms such as fish, sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals, manifesting as internal injuries, impaired feeding, compromised reproduction, and mortality. Microplastics (< 5 mm) present additional sublethal hazards by functioning as vectors for persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals, facilitating bioaccumulation and trophic transfer through food webs. Soil-dwelling fauna, including earthworms and nematodes, are similarly affected, with cascading consequences for nutrient cycling and edaphic biodiversity. At the ecosystem level, plastic pollution reduces species richness, degrades critical habitats such as coral reefs and mangroves, and undermines the provisioning of essential ecosystem services. The contamination of aquatic food chains further raises concern for human health via dietary exposure. Effective mitigation requires concerted international policy action, enhancement of waste management infrastructure, reduction of single-use plastic consumption, and sustained investment in biodegradable material alternatives.
Botanically Derived Phytochemicals in Antimicrobial Spray Formulations: Mechanism, Strategies and Future Prospects
Section: Review Keywords: antimicrobial, Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, secondary metabolties The need for alternate and sustainable treatment methods has increased due to the rising incidence of microbial diseases and the quick development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A wealth of bioactive phytochemicals with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing qualities can be found in medicinal plants. The benefits of spray-based topical formulations over traditional dose forms—such as ease of application, consistent distribution, better sanitation, and increased patient compliance—have drawn a lot of attention in recent years. The function of botanically derived phytochemicals in antimicrobial spray formulations is critically examined in this review, with a focus on the compounds' botanical origins, chemical makeup, antimicrobial action mechanisms, and formulation significance. There is a thorough discussion of well-known medicinal herbs such Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, Ocimum sanctum, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, and Azadirachta indica. Moreover, formulation strategies, benefits of plant-derived antimicrobial sprays, existing research deficiencies, and future possibilities are emphasized, highlighting the significance of combining traditional botanical knowledge with contemporary phytopharmaceutical technologies.
First Record of Purcell’s Hunter Slug (Laevicaulis haroldi Dundee, 1980) in Saharanpur District of Western Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: invasive slug, Veronicellidae, terrestrial gastropod, range extension, quadrat sampling, agricultural pest, Uttar Pradesh Terrestrial gastropods of the family Veronicellidae represent ecologically significant components of soil invertebrate communities, yet their distributional dynamics across India remain incompletely documented. Here, we report the first confirmed occurrence of Laevicaulis haroldi Dundee, 1980 commonly designated Purcell’s Hunter Slug in Kulheri village, Saharanpur district (29°52′54.5″N 77°16′18.3″E), western Uttar Pradesh. Field observations and systematic quadrat sampling were conducted across a two-month post-monsoon period (October–November 2025) in agricultural field margins. Population densities ranged from 0.75 to 2.25 individuals m-2 across sampling events, with a progressive increase in mean density from 1.25 ± 0.38 ind. m-2 (October) to 1.90 ± 0.30 ind. m-2 (late November). Spatial distribution analysis revealed an aggregated pattern, evidenced by a variance-to-mean ratio of approximately 1.3. Specimens were observed foraging on Amaranthus sp. and Ageratum sp., demonstrating phytophagous activity consistent with this species’ documented pest status. This record extends the verified range of L. haroldi within Uttar Pradesh and corroborates ecological niche model predictions of northwestward range expansion. Baseline population data presented herein are essential for regional invasive species monitoring and integrated pest management planning in Saharanpur’s intensive agricultural landscape.
Effect of Biochar Mixed With Different Phosphorus Rates on Selected Soil Chemical Properties in Western Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: acrisols, ferralsols, biochar, phosphorus fixation, soil enhancement Low maize productivity in Acrisols and Ferralsols caused by phosphorus (P) fixation poses a constraint to food security in Bungoma County, Kenya. Continuous application of ammonia-based fertilizers has further intensified soil acidification, leading to declining soil productivity. This study evaluated the effect of biochar combined with different P fertilizer rates on selected soil chemical properties and maize performance. Field experiments were conducted during the long and short rainy seasons of 2023 at Kibabii (Acrisols) and Chwele (Ferralsols). A split-plot design with three replicates was used, where biochar sources formed the main plots and P fertilizer rates constituted the subplots. Biochar was applied at 5 t ha-1 at planting, together with three P rates (0, 13, and 26 kg P ha-1). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 75 kg N ha-1 in split applications. Maize hybrid H513 (Kenya Seed Company) was planted at a spacing of 75 × 25 cm. Soil chemical properties including pH, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon (SOC), and available phosphorus were analyzed. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using GenStat (14th edition, 2012), and treatment means were separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The interaction between biochar and P rate was not significant (p ≤ 0.413), indicating no synergistic influence on maize yield. Correlation analysis between soil chemical properties and grain yield showed a positive relationship with available P (r = 0.5169) and negative relationships with soil pH (r = –0.3340) and SOC (r = –0.1132).
Effects of Different Biofertilizer Sources on Growth and Yield Components of Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Baniyani, Jhapa, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: fertilizer rate, mycorrhiza, paddy, mustard seed cake, sustainable nutrient management, yield performance Rice is the principal staple crop of Nepal and plays a critical role in national food security, farm income, and rural livelihoods. However, sustained productivity is increasingly constrained by declining soil fertility, excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers, escalating input costs, and environmental concerns. In the eastern Terai region, particularly Jhapa district, spring rice cultivation is expanding, yet evidence-based recommendations on sustainable nutrient management remain limited. This study evaluated the effects of different biofertilizer and inorganic nutrient sources on the growth and yield components of spring rice. A field experiment was conducted from February to June 2025 at Baniyani, Jhapa, Nepal, under the Rice Super-Zone of the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP). Seven nutrient treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications using the variety Hardinath-1. Growth parameters, yield attributes, and grain yield were recorded and analyzed statistically. Significant treatment effects (p<0.001) were observed for all major parameters. NPK application produced the tallest plants (114.86 cm), highest panicle weight (5.85g), maximum grains per panicle (118.66), and the highest grain yield (7.64 tha-1). Among organic amendments, mustard seed cake performed comparably, recording the highest tiller number per hill (32.61), maximum test weight (37.00g), and a competitive grain yield (7.30 tha-1). Goat manure resulted in moderate yield improvement, whereas the unfertilized control exhibited the lowest performance across traits. Overall, while inorganic fertilization maximized yield, mustard seed cake emerged as a promising and sustainable organic alternative for enhancing productivity of spring rice in the eastern Terai of Nepal.
Multivariate Evaluation of Integrated Nutrient Management Effects on Growth and Yield Determinants of Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) under Sustainable Production Systems in Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: summer squash, integrated nutrient management, sustainable agriculture, multivariate analysis, tield determinants, soil fertility Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a short-duration, high-value vegetable crop of increasing importance in Nepal; however, its productivity is frequently constrained by imbalanced fertilizer use and declining soil fertility. This study evaluated the effects of organic, inorganic, and integrated nutrient management practices on growth, flowering, and yield of summer squash under subtropical conditions of Nepal. The experiment was conducted during March–June 2024 at the Directorate of Agricultural Research, Tarahara, Sunsari, Nepal, using a Randomized Complete Block Design with eight treatments and three replications. Treatments comprised bio-fertilizer, poultry manure, vermicompost, farmyard manure (FYM), Jeevamrit, recommended NPK (235:176:117 kg ha-1), integrated application of half recommended NPK combined with FYM, and an unfertilized control. Analysis of variance revealed significant treatment effects for all vegetative, flowering, and yield parameters. The integrated application of ½ NPK + FYM produced the most balanced and superior performance, resulting in higher leaf number, greater lateral branching, earlier flowering, increased fruit size, higher fruit number, and maximum fruit yield (46.07 t ha-1), closely followed by sole NPK application. The control consistently recorded the lowest growth and yield. Regression and multivariate analyses (PCA and clustering) indicated that yield improvement was primarily driven by fruit number, individual fruit weight, and vegetative vigor, while delayed flowering was negatively associated with productivity. Overall, the findings demonstrate that integrated nutrient management, particularly the combined use of half recommended NPK with FYM, enhances growth–yield relationships and offers a productive and sustainable nutrient strategy for summer squash cultivation under similar agro-climatic conditions.
Eco-Efficiency of Irrigated Agriculture in Arid Oases: DEA Modelling of Moroccan Date Palm Farming
Section: Research Keywords: arid oases, data envelopment analysis, date palm farming, eco-efficiency, irrigated agriculture Arid oasis agriculture faces growing pressure to improve productivity while reducing water and energy use, raising concerns about whether irrigation modernization effectively enhances eco-efficiency under severe resource constraints. This study examines the technical and eco-efficiency of irrigated agriculture in arid oases, with a focus on Moroccan date palm farming. The objective is to evaluate how different irrigation systems shape productive and environmental performance and to identify the magnitude and sources of inefficiency. The analysis relies on farm-level survey data from 330 date palm farms in the Errachidia province and applies an input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model under variable returns to scale, integrating an undesirable output capturing energy consumption related to irrigation. Results show marked efficiency gaps between irrigation systems: average technical efficiency reaches 0.789 for farms using localized irrigation compared with 0.549 under gravity irrigation, implying potential input savings of about 21% and 45%, respectively. Eco-efficiency outcomes indicate that localized irrigation reduces average water use (8,089 vs. 17,442 m3/ha) and energy consumption (2,180 vs. 3,420 kWh/ha), yet substantial inefficiencies persist even among modernized farms. Overall, the findings demonstrate that technological upgrading alone does not guarantee eco-efficiency gains and that management practices and contextual constraints play a decisive role. By jointly addressing productivity and environmental pressures at the farm level, this study contributes to the literature on eco-efficiency measurement in arid agriculture and provides policy-relevant insights for designing irrigation modernization strategies aligned with sustainability objectives.
Plant Tissue Culture: Past Foundations, Present Innovations, and Future Horizons
Section: Review Keywords: plant tissue culture, somaclonal variation, meristem induction, genome editing The intrinsic totipotency of plant cells is demonstrated by plant tissue culture, which is the foundation for significant developments in plant biotechnology. Through carefully monitored organogenic and embryogenic pathways, somatic cells may be stimulated to regenerate whole plants by replicating controlled in vitro settings. Plant growth regulators, nutrient composition, and physical conditions all work together to shape these developmental transitions. Recent molecular research has elucidated the role of auxin signaling networks, developmental regulators, chromatin dynamics, and stress-associated epigenetic modifications in cellular reprogramming. Reproducibility and propagation efficiency have been increased due to advancements in temporary immersion systems, environmental control, and medium optimization. Simultaneously, tissue culture platforms are becoming more and more integrated with high-throughput omics studies, genome editing technologies, and nanomaterial-based delivery systems, boosting the accuracy and scalability of plant transformation beyond traditional callus-dependent methods. In commercial and research contexts, automation and automated monitoring systems further improve scalability and consistency. Also, early detection of adaptive characteristics is made easier by the deliberate use of somaclonal variations and in vitro stress selection. Collectively, these advancements reinforce plant tissue culture as a dynamic and progressive framework that connects fundamental developmental biology with practical crop enhancement and sustainable agricultural innovation.
Assessing Farmers’ Knowledge of Weather Forecast Information in Crop Production: Evidence from Rural Bangladesh
Section: Research Keywords: forecast information, farmers’ knowledge, crop production, extension services This study assessed farmers’ knowledge of forecast information in crop production, explored the relationship between knowledge and selected socioeconomic characteristics, and identified key constraints limiting its effective use. Eighty farmers from two villages were chosen at random in Raiganj upazila, Sirajganj district, Bangladesh, and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Farmers’ knowledge was measured across six cognitive levels following Bloom’s taxonomy, and data analysis was done through Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression. The results indicate that most farmers (78.8%) possessed a moderate level of knowledge, with 20.0\% demonstrating a high level of understanding. Among the eleven characteristics examined, age, education, farming experience, farm size, and credit received were positively correlated with knowledge, whereas media contact with extension and sources of forecast information showed negative relationships. Regression analysis indicated that education level, annual income, and forecast information sources accounted for 35.3% of the variance in knowledge. Over half (55%) of the farmers faced high constraints in using forecast information, while 45% faced them at a moderate level. The most critical barriers included lack of awareness of forecast information sources, poor access to forecast services for crop production, and insufficient advisory support from agricultural extension agents. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening farmers’ capacity to understand and apply forecast information by improving access and providing targeted training programs and extension services. Filling such these gaps can enable farmers to make well-informed decisions about their production, reduce risks associated with climatic variability, and ultimately improve agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in Bangladesh.
In vitro Evaluation of Trichoderma Isolates and Botanical Extracts Against Early Blight of Tomato Caused by Alternaria solani
Section: Research Keywords: A. solani, biocontrol agents, dual culture, plant extracts, poisoned food assay, sustainable agriculture Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is an important fungal disease that serves as a serious limitation to tomato production, mainly in high-humidity and warm areas of Nepal. The present study was conducted to explore the in vitro efficacy of Trichoderma isolates and botanical extracts against A. solani. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants and subjected to dual culture and poisoned food assays in a completely randomized design with five replications. Three species of Trichoderma (T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. viride) and four selected plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum basilicum, Cymbopogon citratus, and Psidium guajava leaves) were tested for their effectiveness to inhibit A. solani mycelial growth over a period of 10 days. All the treatments significantly inhibited the mycelia growth in comparison to the control. T. asperellum showed the highest inhibitory activity (0.21), followed by T. harzianum and T. viride, thus showing their good antagonistic potential against A. solani. Similarly, among botanical extracts, Azadirachta indica leaf extract was most effective in inhibiting the mycelia growth (83.78), followed by O. basilicum and C. citratus extracts, with P. guajava leaf extract being comparatively less effective. The results indicate that T. asperellum and A. indica leaf extract had the highest mycelial growth inhibition capacity and proved to be effective in in vitro conditions. Therefore, these options must be evaluated further in field conditions against early blight of tomato, which can be a promising eco-friendly approach alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides.
Field Observations on Avian Diversity in a 15 km Radius of Gangaikondan, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
Section: Research Keywords: avian diversity, wetland, agriculture, greenbelt, environmental impact assessment Gangaikondan is a rapid industrial development in recent decades. This study was carried out in five different habitats such as wetland, agriculture, forest, residential areas, and urban greenbelt. During the study period a total of 111 bird species were recorded, Wetland habitat (Aquatic and pond edge vegetation) compressed of the highest number of species (92 species), followed by agricultural habitat (76 species), forest habitat (62 species), residential habitat (23 species), and urban greenbelt habitat (15). Spotted Dove and Red‑vented Bulbul were the common birds species present across five habitats, while habitat-specific dominance shows Eurasian Coot in wetland, Asian Green Bee‑eater in forest and agriculture, House Sparrow in residential areas, and Common Myna in urban greenbelts. These findings provide essential baseline information for Environmental Impact Assessments and emphasize the importance of conservation-focused land-use planning in this rapidly industrializing landscape.
Current Status and Future Perspective of Pesticide Use and Pest Management in Kuwait Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review
Section: Review Keywords: human health impact, invasive species, Kuwait agriculture, pest management, pesticide overuse The widespread overuse of pesticides in agriculture has generated increasing concerns about the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment. The review provides perspectives on the main trends regarding pesticide overuse in Kuwait and its potential impacts on human health and the environment. Factors driving the excessive use of pesticides, including climate change and the introduction of invasive pest species, and the challenges of adopting alternatives to chemical pesticides, are also reviewed. The review further outlines the status of an invasive pest species, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Kuwait and the Middle East, and efforts to develop sustainable management strategies for the pest. Finally, recommendations on how to achieve sustainable control of the T. absoluta and other pests using integrated pest management strategies, and the comprehensive intervention measures to be adopted to reduce health and environmental risks of pesticides are discussed. Although the review has focused on Kuwait, it is relevant in other countries where greater and widespread use of synthetic pesticides to manage pests is a dominant trend.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring of Butterfly Diversity in Diverse Eco‐Climatic Zones of Maharajganj District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: butterfly, biodiversity, conservation, ecosystem, ecological indicator Butterflies are colourful, attractive and ecologically important creatures on the earth. The present study has been carried out in the three different climatic zones of Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh, India, during the months of July to December 2024. The three sampling sites were selected, i.e. Vijay Park, Farinda and Paneva Panei, to investigate the diversity of butterfly species. A total of 206 butterfly samples were collected using an insect net. Among them, 13 distinct species of butterflies belonging to 04 different families, such as Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Papilionidae and Lycaenidae were monitored. The family Nymphalidae was most dominant (106), followed by the Pieridae (70), Papilionidae (17) and the Lycaenidae (13). The distribution pattern of butterflies in numbers was shown as 74, 71 and 61 at Vijay Park, Farinda and Paneva Panei, respectively. According to the Simpson Index of Diversity, the sampling site Farindahas showed the highest score (0.88), followed by Vijay Park (0.85) and Paneva Panei (0.82). The finding score revealed that the population of butterflies needs to be protected by conservation of their habitats, which are degrading continuously due to the exponential expansion of urbanisation and agricultural activities.
Influences of Different Transplanting Methods on Vegetative and Reproductive Traits of Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Belbari, Morang, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: spring rice, transplanting methods, SRI, mechanical transplanting, grain yield, multivariate analysis This study assessed the effects of five transplanting methods on the growth and yield performance of spring rice in Belbari, Morang, Nepal. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were observed across treatments for major vegetative and reproductive traits. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) produced the highest plant height, tiller number, and effective tillers per hill, resulting in the greatest grain yield (7121.48 kg/ha) and biomass yield (11,037.50 kg/ha), followed by mechanical transplanting. Traditional, farmer’s practice, and dry-bed methods showed comparatively lower performance. Days to 50\% flowering did not differ significantly, though SRI and mechanical transplanting slightly prolonged maturity. Multivariate analyses further clarified treatment responses. PCA distinctly separated SRI and mechanical transplanting along yield-associated components, driven by strong loadings from tiller number, effective tillers, plant height, and panicle traits. The correlation matrix confirmed strong positive associations of grain yield with biomass yield, effective tillers, grains per panicle, and test weight. Radar chart patterns highlighted the holistic superiority of SRI across all measured traits, with mechanical transplanting showing moderate-to-high performance. Overall, the study demonstrates that improved transplanting methods; particularly SRI and mechanical transplanting; enhance rice productivity through stronger trait interrelationships and better resource-use efficiency. These methods offer practical solutions for addressing labor constraints and improving profitability and sustainability in Nepal’s eastern Terai.
Role of Livestock Fattening Farms in Bridging the Red Meat Food Security Gap in Egypt: An Economic Analysis
Section: Research Keywords: Agro‐economics, Cattle fattening, Food security, Red meat, Self‐sufficiency, Sustainability The persistent gap between local red meat production and domestic needs in Egypt threatens national food security, with the real self-sufficiency rate declining sharply from 71.2% in 2006 to 36.5% in 2023. This study evaluates the economic potential of cattle fattening farms to bridge this gap. Using econometric time-series analysis (ARCH models) and a field survey in Alexandria Governorate, we analyzed factors influencing production and efficiency. Key findings indicate that red meat supply is significantly influenced by long-term structural economic factors. A 10% increase in available calves and alfalfa production was associated with a 4.14% and 1.9% increase in production, respectively (p < 0.01). Forecasting models predict that raising the operational efficiency of specialized farms from its current average of 57% to a target of 80% could boost total production to approximately 960,065 tons by 2027. The field analysis identified the two-cycle (six-month) fattening system as the most economically efficient (Revenue-to-Cost Ratio: 1.40). This study provides a data-driven framework for policymakers to enhance domestic production through targeted support for farm efficiency and de-risking the critical calf-rearing phase.
Characterization and Nutrient Imbalance Diagnosis of Important Humid Tropical Acidic Coastal Soils of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Section: Research Keywords: soil acidity, nutrient imbalance, organic carbon, SAR, liming strategy The worlds population is growing at an alarming rate amidst global hunger and soil nutrient deterioration. The objective of this study was the assessment characterization and nutrient imbalance diagnosis of important humid tropical acidic coastal soils of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected in triplicates from each of the five locations using an auger at 0–20 cm depth The samples were prepared and subjected to standard laboratory procedures. The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Generated data were analyzed using analyses of variance and significant means were separated using LSD at 5% probability level. Results showed that soil pH ranged from 4.60 in Akaba to 5.40 in Ogbogoro, indicating strongly to moderately acidity. Soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from 10.0 g/kg in Ikpetiama to 16.20 gkg-1 in Kpansia. Available phosphorus ranged from 3.75 mgkg-1 in Gbarama to 9.45 mgkg-1 in Kpansia, suggesting moderate availability. Exchangeable bases, calcium (4.78–7.58 cmolkg-1), magnesium (2.59–4.31 cmolkg-1), potassium (0.31–0.73 cmolkg-1). Fertility indexing showed that Akaba and Kpansia possessed comparatively better soil quality, Ogbogoro and Gbarama fell within the low fertility category, and Ikpetiama rated poorest due to combined acidity stress (1.43–1.85 cmolkg-1). Strong correlations between soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and base saturation underscore the importance of maintaining organic matter for sustained fertility. The obtained results of this study necessitates, pressing need for location- specific liming and nutrient management strategies to ameliorate soil acidity and optimize crop productivity in the soils of Yenagoa.
Economic Performance and Sustainability Challenges of Broiler Production in Egypt: A Case Study in Qalyub Governorate
Section: Research Keywords: broiler production, costs and returns, economic analysis, food gap, poultry farms, Qalyubia governorate This study investigates the economic performance and sustainability challenges of broiler production in Egypt, focusing on Qalyubia Governorate. It addresses the persistent national white meat deficit, suboptimal self-sufficiency, and significant market price volatility, largely driven by escalating input costs and consumer demand. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with primary data from 20 purposively sampled farms in Banha and Toukh, the research reveals a national average poultry meat self-sufficiency rate of approximately 96.4% (2010-2022), indicating a narrow but chronic food gap. At the farm level, broiler production shows high profitability, with an average net return per 45-day cycle of EGP 185,420 and a return on invested capital (ROIC) of EGP 0.33, exceeding traditional bank investment returns. However, this profitability is precarious due to overwhelming reliance on costly inputs (feed, chicks, contributing 86% of total costs) and significant marketing challenges, identified by 80-90% of farmers. The study highlights both economic resilience and acute vulnerabilities, advocating for interventions to stabilize markets, enhance resource efficiency, and support local feed supply chains for long-term sustainability.
Biometric Traits and Biology of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Reared on Maize (Zea mays) under Laboratory Conditions
Section: Research Keywords: biology, fall armyworm, maize, morphometrics, rearing The Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a formidable pest now widespread in Nepal, poses a major threat to maize production, underscoring the need for detailed biological insights to inform effective management strategies. Therefore, this study was conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the morphometric and biological parameters of FAW on Zea mays. Morphometric traits such as head capsule width and length, body length and width, adult body length, and wingspan were examined. Biological parameters, including the duration of larval instars, pre-pupal, pupal, and adult stages, were also analyzed. In larvae, the smallest measurements were recorded in the first instar (head capsule length 0.20±0.02 mm; width 0.31±0.02 mm; body length 1.48±0.08 mm; body width 0.30±0.03 mm), while the largest were observed in the sixth instar (2.85±0.09 mm, 2.86±0.06 mm, 33.23±0.43 mm, and 5.15±0.14 mm, respectively). Pupae measured 14.45±0.78 mm in length and 4.40±0.04 mm in width. The adult forewing span (30.5±1.6 mm) was larger than the hindwing span (22.6±1.0 mm), with a body length of 13.8±0.9 mm. Egg hatching took 2 days, and the larval stage lasted between 9 and 14.3 days. The pre-pupal and pupal stages lasted 2.20±0.47 and 9.08±0.90 days, respectively, followed by an adult lifespan of 5.50±1.50 days. The results shed light on the lifecycle, essential for understanding its population dynamics and guiding ecologically based management.
Investigating Eco-Friendly Practices in Vegetable Cultivation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Knowledge and Use among Farmers in Narsingdi, Bangladesh
Section: Research Keywords: eco-friendly practices, farmers, knowledge, utilization, vegetable farming The widespread use of pesticides is a major barrier to sustainable agriculture, polluting vital resources. In this context, eco-friendly agriculture offers a holistic farming approach that promotes health and sustainability. This study aimed to assess vegetable farmers’ knowledge of eco-friendly farming, examine how often they practice these methods, and identify factors influencing their awareness and adoption. A pre-tested structured interview was conducted with 112 vegetable farmers, 50% of the total, in the Shibpur sub-district of Narsingdi, Bangladesh, between January and April 2023. The study focused on farmers’ knowledge and use of environmentally friendly practices. Bloom’s Taxonomy was used to evaluate their knowledge, while use was measured on a 4-point scale (no, rarely, occasionally, frequently). Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 71.4% of farmers had moderate knowledge, scoring 78.56% at the application level of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Additionally, 64.3% demonstrated medium-level utilization of eco-friendly practices. Factors such as education, experience, training, and extension contact influenced both knowledge and practice. To increase farmers’ understanding and stimulate adoption, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and the Ministry of Education (MoE) should establish adult education and training initiatives and boost extension contact.
Biology and Global Impact of the Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with Sustainable Management Approaches
Section: Review Keywords: biological control, botanicals, integrated pest management, RNAi, Tuta absoluta Tomatoes are among the most economically and nutritionally important crops worldwide, yet their cultivation is increasingly threatened by invasive pests and diseases. Among these, the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is one of the most destructive, causing yield losses from about 11% to 100% under severe infestation. Native to South America, this pest has rapidly spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe due to its high reproductive capacity, ecological adaptability, and rising resistance to conventional insecticides. In addition to tomatoes, it also infests other Solanaceous crops and wild hosts, compounding its spread and impact. Infestations result in extensive foliar, stem, and fruit damage, reducing photosynthetic efficiency, lowering market value, and predisposing crops to secondary infections. These effects pose significant economic challenges and threaten global food security. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) currently represents the most viable control strategy, combining cultural practices, mechanical interventions, biological control agents, and judicious pesticide use. Advances in host plant resistance, pheromone-based monitoring, and eco-friendly biopesticides provide promising tools, yet their effectiveness is constrained by the pest’s adaptability and resistance development. Future management requires region-specific, multidisciplinary solutions. Innovative technologies such as RNA interference (RNAi) have shown potential as a targeted, sustainable control method, demonstrating increased larval mortality and population suppression in preliminary studies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of T. absoluta, while highlighting key research gaps and future directions to strengthen sustainable tomato production globally.
Impact of Vertical and Horizontal Expansion on Employment Generation in the Egyptian Broiler Sector
Section: Research Keywords: soil conservation, land practices, sustainable management, yield improvement The Egyptian broiler sector constitutes a central component of national food security, yet the socio-economic consequences of its various expansion strategies remain inadequately quantified. This study investigates the differential impacts of vertical and horizontal expansion on employment generation, investment returns, and wage outcomes within the sector. Utilizing time-series data spanning 2000 to 2024, the analysis applies growth rate calculations alongside independent samples t-tests to assess the effectiveness of these expansion approaches. The results demonstrate that both vertical and horizontal expansion significantly enhance productive capacity and stimulate job creation. Horizontal expansion, on average, generates approximately 0.46 thousand additional jobs per year, accompanied by potential investment returns of EGP 5.93 million. In contrast, vertical expansion contributes around 0.34 thousand jobs annually, with associated investment returns of EGP 4.36 million. Despite these positive outcomes in productivity and employment, the analysis reveals that neither expansion model produces a statistically significant increase in aggregate wage levels. This finding showed a notable decoupling between sectoral productivity gains and labor compensation, suggesting that employment growth does not necessarily translate into improved worker earnings. These insights provide critical quantitative evidence for policymakers and sector stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of adopting integrated policy frameworks that not only promote production expansion but also incorporate labor market interventions.
Mapping Gully Erosion Dynamics Near Ahilyanagar, Maharashtra: A Cloud-Based Geospatial Analysis Using Google Earth Engine
Section: Research Keywords: geospatial analysis, gully erosion mapping , semi-arid region, Sentinel-2 Gully erosion represents a significant global environmental challenge, severely impacting land productivity, water resources, and ecological sustainability. The Nagar tehsil and the surrounding area of Ahilyanagar city in Maharashtra belong to semi-arid regions where gully erosion is a major threat to agriculture and water resources. This study used the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to map and assess gully erosion dynamics. By analyzing multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery, NDVI, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and other environmental data, researchers were able to accurately map gully-affected areas and identify the main factors contributing to their formation. A spatial analysis using a 5 km multi-ring buffer around Ahilyanagar city identified six gully erosion hotspots, revealing that about 40 villages in Nagar Tahsil are highly susceptible to erosion. The study found that the northeastern part of the region had the highest concentration of gullies, while the southern and southeastern parts had very few. The main causes were identified as both human activities, such as deforestation and unsustainable farming, and natural factors like steep slopes and drainage density. This research demonstrates that GEE is an effective, large-scale, and cost-efficient tool for mapping erosion. The findings provide a valuable framework for policymakers to implement targeted conservation strategies, directly supporting global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and India's Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) mission.
Territorial Governance and Inclusive Development in Drâa-Tafilalet’s Date-Palm Sector: Assessing the Green Morocco Plan
Section: Research Keywords: date-palm sector, green morocco plan, participatory planning, social inclusion, territorial governance The Green Morocco Plan (2008–2020) aimed to modernize agricultural value chains, yet its territorial implications for governance, inclusivity, and sustainability remain insufficiently explored. This study investigates its implementation in the Drâa-Tafilalet Region, a major date-palm area characterized by both agricultural potential and persistent socio-economic disparities. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a survey of producers, interviews with policymakers and stakeholders, and analysis of policy documents. The findings indicate significant improvements in agricultural performance, including an increase of more than 20% in average production and a marked rise in rural household incomes. However, these benefits were unevenly distributed across territories and social groups, with cooperative members capturing greater advantages and some provinces experiencing limited infrastructural progress. Qualitative evidence highlights persistent governance bottlenecks, such as centralized decision-making, weak participatory mechanisms, and insufficient integration of water management. These constraints limited the transformation of technical achievements into durable socio-ecological resilience. By linking agricultural modernization outcomes with territorial governance processes, this research contributes to the literature on agricultural policy and multilevel governance. It also formulates recommendations for the ongoing Generation Green strategy, emphasizing the need for regionally budgeted program contracts, inclusive territorial committees, and integrated resource management to reinforce equity, inclusivity, and sustainability in oasis-based agricultural systems.
Soil Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbial Properties at Varying Proximities to Ten-Year-Old Palm Oil-Mill Effluent Dumpsite in Derived Savannah
Section: Research Keywords: organic effluents, environmental degradation, enzyme activities, soil basal respiration, wastewater management, ecosystem quality This study assessed the physico-chemical properties, enzyme activities, and basal respiration of a sandy-loam soil around a ten-year-old palm oil mill effluent (POME) dumpsite at Inyi, a representative palm oil-processing community, in southeastern Nigeria. Sampling was from the POME dumpsite and at 20, 60, 100 and 260 m away. Soil pH ranged from alkaline (7.47) at the dumpsite to moderately acidic (5.83) 260 m away. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus were highest (3.18\%, 0.406\%, and 76.79 mg/kg, respectively) in POME-dumpsite soil and decreased with distance away from it. The POME-dumpsite soil showed higher contents of the exchangeable bases (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+; 0.19, 9.33, 9.00 and 0.16 cmol/kg, respectively), cation exchange capacity (22.13 cmol/kg), base saturation (84.40\%) and, hence, higher structure stability than the adjacent soils. Enzyme assays showed decreases in soil dehydrogenase activity with distance away from the dumpsite. Catalase activity was inhibited at the farthest point (260 m) away from the dumpsite, whereas lipase activity was nominally higher in the dumpsite (81.95 µgPNP/gmin) than in the adjacent soils. Basal respiration decreased only at 20 m away from the dumpsite. These results indicate improved soil fertility/health around POME dumpsites relative to directly unaffected surroundings. By positively influencing soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme/microbial activities, long-term controlled dumping of POME could enhance environmental quality. Understanding the interplay between these ecological benefits of controlled POME dumping and the widely acknowledged eco-toxic effects of POME is essential for developing its sustainable management strategies in palm oil-processing regions.
In-Vitro Growth Pattern Estimation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Section: Research Keywords: Azotobacter, biofertilizer, Cicer arietinum, PGPRs, Pseudomonas Nutrient deficiency in the agricultural field gives rise to a challenge for the production of grains at the global level. The utilization of chemical fertilizers to boost crop yield in the present causes detrimental effects on the health of biological communities, including the human population. Therefore, the present research has been designed to isolate two strains, i.e., Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, from the rhizospheric soil of Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Both strains of the PGPRs were characterized by performing morphological and biochemical analysis. The inoculation of isolated PGPR bacteria and their effect on Cicer arietinum (chickpea) were conducted under a plant growth chamber where C. arietinum plants were grown in three cups containing autoclaved soil, and each cup was marked for Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, and one for control. Separately, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter cultures were inoculated in two flasks containing 250 ml autoclaved distilled water, and one was used as a control. Incubate the inoculated flasks at 37℃ for three days. Each 50ml suspension was added to each marked cup after a three-day interval. Observed the efficacy of inoculation with PGPR strains separately. In the present study, the root and shoot length of the C. arietinum plant in the presence of bacterial strains were studied. The maximum growth occurs in the Pseudomonas-treated cup in comparison to the Azotobacter. The growth of the C. arietinum plant occurs due to the plant growth-promoting activity of these bacteria. Therefore, bacterial inoculation should be an effective biofertilizer for the growth of C. arietinum.
Agro-Morphological Diversity of White Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima) for Climate Change Adaptation in Burkina Faso
Section: Research Keywords: agro-morphological diversity, climate change, endogenous adaptation, local cultivars, yield stability Climate change intensifies the variability of agroclimatic conditions in sub-Saharan Africa, threatening food security through increased droughts, rainfall gaps, and soil degradation. In this context, endogenous adaptation approaches based on local resources, such as White Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima), are strategic due to their hardiness and dual food and textile uses. This study aims to characterize the agro-morphological diversity and performance stability of ten local white roselle cultivars from Burkina Faso to identify genotypes best adapted to contrasting climatic environments. The experiment was conducted over two agricultural seasons, dry and wet, in three locations with distinct ecological conditions. A randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented. Thirteen agro-morphological traits were measured. Data were analyzed using multifactor ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test for pairwise comparisons, calculation of the amir index, and stability analyses based on Finlay-Wilkinson and Ammi methods. Results showed a significant influence of cultivar and site factors. Kongkrou, Nikiema, and Konde exhibited good performance and high stability. Bakaridjan and Bala were more sensitive to environmental variations. These findings highlight the importance of valorising local cultivars in breeding strategies for resilient agriculture in West Africa.
Effects of Agricultural Land Practices Management on Sustainable Crop Production
Section: Review Keywords: soil conservation, land practices, sustainable management, yield improvement This study investigates effective soil management practices aimed at enhancing sustainable agricultural production and preventing soil degradation. Soil degradation remains a significant global challenge, threatening food security, ecosystem stability, and rural livelihoods. In this context, adopting well-planned soil conservation measures is essential to maintain long-term agricultural productivity. The research reviews various techniques, including contour farming, mulching, and the use of cover crops, conservation plowing, terracing, and agroforestry. The findings reveal that these methods collectively improve soil structure, increase water infiltration and moisture retention, enhance nutrient cycling, and promote biodiversity. For instance, mulching and cover crops protect the soil from erosion and temperature extremes; while terracing and contour farming reduce surface runoff and increase water availability for crops. Agroforestry not only stabilizes soils but also provides additional economic benefits through diversified farm outputs. These improvements contribute to higher crop and livestock yields, better resilience against climate variability, and overall ecosystem health. However, despite their proven benefits, the widespread implementation of these practices faces significant obstacles. High initial costs of adoption, limited access to skilled labor and technical expertise, and weak legislative and policy support remain major constraints. In many regions, farmers lack financial incentives and government-backed programs to encourage long-term conservation efforts. The study showed that increased financial and technical assistance to farmers, capacity-building programs to develop expertise, and the introduction of strong policy frameworks that promote these globally recognized soil conservation techniques. Addressing these challenges is vital for ensuring soil health, sustainable production, and food security for future generations.
Characterization of Biochar Produced from Locally Available Agricultural Waste Resources for Soil Enhancement in Western Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: agricultural waste, biochar, local resources, soil enhancement, valorization Valorization of agricultural waste offers a circular pathway to mitigate the intertwined crises of climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Slow pyrolysis provides an effective route for transforming biomass into biochar, a porous carbonaceous material that can condition degraded soils. We quantified the physicochemical attributes of biochar produced from three contrasting residues that dominate western Kenya’s agroecosystems: coffee husk (CH), sugarcane bagasse (SB), and wood sawdust (WS). Each feedstock was air-dried for 72 h, pyrolyzed in a sealed metal kiln at 350 °C for 60 min, and cooled under an inert atmosphere. Yields averaged 37 % for CH, 32 % for SB, and 28 % for WS. Resultant biochars displayed high pH (8.4–9.2), surface area (145–275 m² g⁻¹), and cation-exchange capacity up to 92 cmol c kg⁻¹, indicating liming and nutrient-retention potential. Elemental analysis revealed increasing aromaticity (H/C < 0.35) and carbon stability with decreasing O/C ratios. Bulk density followed the order WS > SB > CH, whereas porosity exhibited the opposite pattern, reflecting structural differences in the biomasses. The correlation of ash alkalinity with calcium and magnesium contents suggested that feedstock mineralogy largely governs biochar buffering capacity. On the basis of these metrics, CH biochar emerged as the most suitable amendment for acidic Ferralsols, whereas WS biochar may serve better in sandy Arenosols requiring structural improvement. The findings supply evidence that can guide county-level policies seeking to couple waste reduction with soil fertility restoration through biochar adoption within smallholder systems.
Potential of Postharvest Extension Service Delivery in Reducing Food Losses: A Study of Two Periodic Markets in the Eastern Region of Ghana
Section: Research Keywords: Food Loss Periodic Markets, Postharvest Extension This study assessed the current status and potential of postharvest extension in reducing food losses at the Adawso and Asesewa periodic markets in the Eastern Region of Ghana. A survey utilizing direct face-to-face questionnaire interviews to obtain data and information was undertaken on 167 marketers in the two markets by simple random sampling. The results revealed that trading at the two markets was dominated by women (96.4%) mostly of a mixed age group of the youth and middle-aged (72.0%) with the majority (67%) having primary and junior secondary levels of education. Most marketers (71.2%) reported more than 10% postharvest food losses and had no access to postharvest extension services (85.6%) and information on postharvest technologies for food loss prevention or reduction (88.6%). However, marketers were willing to participate in postharvest training (86.6%) and adopt new food loss prevention technologies (85%). Probit regression analysis identified marketers’ education level and access to postharvest extension as significant predictors of their perception of postharvest extension contribution to food loss prevention in the markets. Each additional unit of education increases the likelihood of perceiving postharvest extension as beneficial by 1.21, similarly, access to postharvest extension increases the likelihood by 1.1 times. This implies that education and access to postharvest extension services are significant factors in food loss prevention and reduction. The study therefore suggests that provision of the services in the markets that include practical demonstrations and hands-on training presents a valuable opportunity for food loss reduction to promote sustainability.
Unlocking the Genetic Potential of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Accessions for Enhanced Yield and Crude Protein
Section: Research Keywords: diversity index, grain yield, seed protein, soybean To elucidate improved germplasm for grain yield and seed protein content, ten soybean accessions were evaluated in a replicated randomized complete block design. This study reveals substantial phenotypic variation, with protein content spanning 34.48% to 42.10%. PK-7394 recorded the highest protein level (42.10%) but showed reduced grain yield, whereas Hardee produced a maximum yield of 3.89 t ha⁻¹. TGX-1990-114FN combined high protein content (40.98%) with competitive yield (3.85 t ha⁻¹), thereby corroborating its potential as a prime genetic resource. Correlational analyses revealed positive associations between grain yield and nodule count (r = 0.55) as well as seed diameter (r = 0.16). Protein content exhibited a high Shannon-Wiener diversity index (1.09), highlighting variability across accessions. By integrating high yield and enhanced protein content, TGX-1990-114FN emerged as an optimal genetic resource for breeding programs focused on developing high-yielding and nutritionally enriched soybean varieties. Such findings offer valuable insights into advancing agricultural productivity and addressing global food security challenges.
Agro-Morphological Evaluation of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays) in the Subtropical Region of Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: hybrid maize, grain yield, genotype evaluation, agro-morphological traits Agro-morphological characterization is crucial to evaluate the performance of maize hybrids on the basis of various traits and to identify superior hybrids with desirable features. The objective of this research was to identify the superior maize hybrid based on field performance. A total of thirteen maize hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sharanamati, Jhapa, Nepal during March-July, 2024. All the data except grain yield was recorded from five sample plants in each plot where grain yield was recorded from the whole plot and statistical analysis was done using R-studio. The results revealed that Superking-4455 is more appropriate for areas with shorter growing seasons since it generally flowers sooner in comparison to other genotypes such as INH-5619 and RH-6. Shorter plants like PAC-7202309 were found to be more resistant to lodging and are preferred in certain regions where wind or heavy rains are common over tall varieties like Star-56. The maximum grain yield was 10.09 t/ha which was achieved by Star-56, closely followed by Superking-4455 and RH-6 whose yield was 9.67 t/ha and 9.54 t/ha respectively. PAC-7202309 produced the lowest yield which was 4.49 t/ha, most likely as a result of its low TGW, NOP, and NOC. The results suggested that, while low-performing genotypes like PAC-7202309 need more research or breeding and agronomic methods to improve their performance, high-performing genotypes like RH-6, Star-56, and Superking-4455 are excellent possibilities for enhancing maize output in Saranamati, Jhapa.
Addressing Nutritional Challenges through Agricultural Extension: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions
Section: Review Keywords: agricultural extension, biofortification, dietary diversity, food security, gender equity The global nutrition crisis, characterized by the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and obesity-related non-communicable diseases, poses a systemic challenge to human health and sustainable development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Agricultural extension services (AES), traditionally focused on productivity, are increasingly pivotal in delivering nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions to address these issues. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 42 studies (2015–2025) to evaluate the effectiveness of NSA through AES, with a focus on dietary diversity, micronutrient status, and food security in LMICs. Key findings highlight the efficacy of nutrition education, biofortification, gender-sensitive strategies, digital innovations, and policy coherence in improving nutritional outcomes. Successful cases—such as Rwanda’s Home Garden Program, India’s Nutrition Gardens, and Uganda’s biofortification efforts—demonstrate AES’s transformative potential when integrated with multisectoral approaches. However, challenges, including resource scarcity, cultural resistance, and fragmented policies, persist, alongside research gaps in the longitudinal impacts and urban-rural dynamics. Recommendations include capacity building, technological scaling, and policy alignment to embed AES within national nutrition frameworks, advancing Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). This review highlights AES as a critical lever in the agriculture-nutrition nexus, offering scalable strategies to nourish populations sustainably.
Dietary Behaviors and Nutrition Knowledge Among Farm Households: A Comprehensive Review and Action Framework
Section: Review Keywords: climate resilience, dietary behaviours, gender equity, nutrition knowledge, sustainable development This systematic review gathers evidence from 85 peer-reviewed studies, spanning 2004 to 2023, drawn from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Agricola according to PRISMA standards, to explore the intricate patterns of dietary practices and nutritional awareness in these communities. Concentrating on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), we investigate how farming methods, economic limitations, gender roles, cultural traditions, and climate adaptation approaches influence nutritional health. Findings indicate that financial pressures, scarce nutrition education, gender disparities, and seasonal changes persistently erode dietary variety and overall well-being. For example, many households trade nutrient-rich crops for income, exacerbating micronutrient deficiencies, while just one-third attain sufficient dietary diversity for women. On the other hand, nutrition-sensitive agriculture and programs targeting gender show potential: educational efforts have markedly increased vegetable consumption, and households led by women often surpass those led by men in dietary diversity. Empowering women has also lowered child stunting by enhancing resource access. Yet, gaps in knowledge dissemination, cultural adaptation, and equitable resource distribution hinder wider success, with rural outreach often limited by funding shortages. We suggest a nutrition-sensitive agriculture framework integrating gender-inclusive policies, climate-resilient farming, and community-based education to tackle these issues, supporting global aims for zero hunger and gender equality. This study calls for long-term research over 5–10 years to evaluate intervention sustainability and cost-effectiveness, alongside qualitative work to decode cultural barriers. Our practical insights aim to steer policymakers, researchers, and practitioners toward improving farm household nutrition, ensuring these essential food producers also prosper.
Evaluation of Rice Landraces for Yield and Related Traits Under Rainfed Conditions in Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: agronomic performance, cluster analysis, grain yield, rainfed condition, rice landraces The primary staple crop in Nepal in terms of production and cultivated area is rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study evaluates the agronomic performance of fifteen genotypes of rice landraces under rainfed conditions in Krishnapur municipality, Kanchanpur, Nepal, during the rainy season of 2023. The experiment was conducted on an alpha lattice design with two replications. The study focused on yield and yield-related traits, including tiller per plant, plant height, panicle length, and grain length and width. ANOVA showed a significant variation among different genotypes for various traits. Rai Manuwa showed the highest tiller per plant (9), plant height (146 cm), panicle length (27.5 cm), and grain yield per plant (16.63 gm.), indicating greater drought adaptability. However, Sorali showed the lowest performance across most traits, indicating poor drought tolerance. The yield trait association analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the total grain yield, average tiller per plant, and average panicle length. Therefore, yield could be increased by selecting these traits. Using the cluster analysis process, fifteen different genotypes of rice landraces were grouped into four groups. Genotypes in Cluster 2 (Rai Manuwa, Sarju) and Cluster 3 (Taichin) were identified as potential genotypes and tiller per plant, panicle length, and grain yield as potential traits for the breeding programs focused on improving drought tolerance.
Long-Term Influence of Coal Mining Activities on Physico-Chemical and Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Tropical Soils
Section: Research Keywords: coal mining, disturbed soil, fallow land, soil properties, undisturbed soil Long-term surface coal mining near agricultural zones can degrade arable land and reduce soil productivity. This study evaluated the effects of extended coal mining on sandy soil properties in three mining areas of Ankpa LGA, Kogi State, Nigeria—Okaba-Odagbo (55 years), Okobo-Enjema (12 years), and Onupi (9 years). Soil samples were collected from both mining sites and adjacent fallow (arable) lands and analyzed using standard methods. Statistical comparisons were made using t-tests and Pearson correlation. Across all locations, mining significantly influenced (p < 0.05) soil pH and bulk density. Mining sites showed lower pH (t = –2.49) and higher bulk density (t = 2.35) compared to fallow lands. Site-specific analysis revealed pronounced effects only at Okaba-Odagbo, where the longest mining history corresponded with increased clay content and bulk density (t = 5.00 and 5.69, respectively). No significant differences were observed at Okobo-Enjema and Onupi. When averaged across locations, mining sites had slightly higher values for clay content (10.68%), soil organic carbon (1.81%), exchangeable sodium (0.38 cmol/kg), porosity (0.44), water holding capacity (20.94%), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (56.66 cm/h) compared to fallow lands. The reduced pH at mining sites was linked to sodium and clay enrichment and loss of base-forming elements, while higher bulk density was attributed to decreased macro-aggregation. The findings suggest that coal mining alters the physical and chemical properties of tropical sandy soils, leading to acidification and compaction, which can impair soil quality, permeability, and long-term agricultural productivity.
Evaluation of Agroecological Performance Toward Sustainable Agriculture of Beni Municipality, Myagdi, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: agroecology, characterization, soil health, transition This study assessed the effectiveness of agroecological farming practices in Beni municipality, Myagdi district, Nepal, by surveying 150 households. The analysis considered various sociodemographic factors, occupations, and ecological aspects to calculate the Characterization of Agroecological Transition (CAET) scores. Only 20 out of the 150 farms received CAET scores between 50-60%, categorizing them as “incipiently transitioning” toward agroecological practices. Three of the ten evaluated elements scored below 40%, while four scored below 50%, and the remaining three were under 60%, resulting in an overall average score of 43.39%. This low score indicates limited adoption of agroecological practices in the area. The highest CAET scores were associated with male farmers, individuals identifying as Brahmin, those with basic literacy, and farms involved in beekeeping, where beneficial pollinators were present. Beekeeping was significantly correlated with higher CAET scores and also linked with food self-sufficiency for daily needs. Additionally, significant differences in CAET scores were observed across gender, ethnicity, and involvement in beekeeping. The study concludes that while interest in agroecological practices exists, adoption is hampered by limited knowledge and socioeconomic challenges. To foster greater agroecological transitions, targeted education and support systems must be developed, with a focus on integrating beekeeping and promoting a pollinator-friendly environment.
Assessment on Impact of Agricultural Subsidies on Potato Production: Evidence from Syangja, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: agricultural policies, equitable distribution, market saturation, profitability, technology adoption This study examines the impact of agricultural subsidies on potato production in the Syangja District of Nepal, where the current productivity is not sufficient to meet the increasing demand despite favorable policies by the government. The study analyses data from 103 potato farmers across four municipalities of Syangja, using a mixed-methods approach to assess the changes in yield, profitability, and farming practices- after the implementation of agricultural subsidies. Major findings of this study reveal substantial improvements: yield increased by 37%, gross margin increased by 85%, and the benefit-cost ratio increased by 72%, following subsidy. Agricultural subsidies also promoted the rapid adoption of modern farming techniques like the use of quality seeds, fertilizers, modern machineries, and improved farming techniques. Regardless, the study unravels critical challenges of such support, including a 15% decline in potato market price, reflecting marketing saturation, and disproportionate benefits to large-scale farmers due to unbalanced subsidy allocation. Although the result demonstrates the efficacy of agricultural subsidies in enhancing short-term productivity and farm income, it also highlights structural challenges in program design regarding equitable access to such programs and market linkages of farm produce. These findings contribute to ongoing policy discussions by providing empirical evidence that while agricultural subsidies help to intensify agriculture, their long-term sustainability requires fair distribution, enhanced extension services, and improved market infrastructures. The study provides valuable policy recommendations for policymakers to improve subsidy schemes towards sustainable agriculture development in Nepal and similar contexts.
What Factors Influence Farmer's Behavior in Adopting Integrated Pest Management Practices in Mountains of Nepal?
Section: Research Keywords: adoption behavior, benefits, confidence, sustainable agriculture, training Farmers who have attended the season-long integrated pest management-farmers’ field school (IPM-FFS) are more likely to adopt IPM practices but significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the extent of IPM adoption among farmers in Nepal and the factors influencing their practices. This study thus looks at factors influencing farmers' decisions to adopt IPM practices in Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal. It focuses on six components of the health belief model (HBM): benefits, severity, susceptibility, barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action. We interviewed both IPM-FFS-trained and other non-trained farmers. Poisson's regression and bootstrapping were used to analyze the relationship between HBM components (independent variables) and the adoption of IPM practices (dependent variable). The analysis was done separately for "IPM-FFS farmers," "other farmers," and both groups combined. Findings show increased adoption of IPM practices by the IPM-FFS trained farmers, driven mainly by the benefits (IRR 1.32, p<0.01). However, HBM components did not show a substantial impact on enhancing the adoption of IPM practices among "other farmers." When combined, perceived benefits (IRR 1.35, p<0.01), self-efficacy (IRR 1.41, p < 0.01), and cues to action (IRR 1.34, p<0.01) significantly enhanced the adoption of greater IPM practices. Findings are similar between normal and bootstrap Poisson regressions. This study shows the importance of improving farmers' confidence through targeted training programs in promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Impact of Packaging Materials on Banana Shelf Life and Quality in Subtropical Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: packaging materials, postharvest losses, shelf life, storage period Banana is a highly perishable crop susceptible to significant postharvest losses, particularly during handling and transportation throughout the supply chain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different packaging materials—polythene bags, cardboard boxes, banana leaves, rice straw, and no packaging (control)—on the shelf life and quality of bananas in subtropical conditions. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed with five postharvest treatments and four replicates. Major quality parameters assessed over a 16-day storage period included total soluble solids (TSS), pulp firmness, pH, fruit volume, pulp-to-peel ratio, and fruit weight. The results revealed that bananas packaged in polythene bags exhibited the highest fruit volume (81.25 cm3) and the greatest pulp firmness (0.38 kg/cm2), indicating better texture retention. The highest pH value (6.64) was recorded for bananas packed in cardboard, suggesting slower ripening. The control group (no packaging) exhibited the highest TSS, reflecting faster ripening and potential deterioration. Polythene packaging proved most effective in preserving the initial fruit weight and reducing moisture loss during storage. Both polythene and cardboard packaging significantly enhanced the shelf life and maintained the quality attributes of bananas compared to other treatments. The findings suggest that appropriate packaging materials, particularly polythene and cardboard, play a crucial role in minimizing postharvest losses and extending the shelf life of bananas in subtropical environments. Adopting these packaging methods could improve fruit quality during storage and transportation, thereby supporting better market value and reducing economic losses.
Utilizing Temple Floral Waste to Address the Resource Crunch in the Perfume Industry: A Case Study of Kannauj District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: environmental pollution, floral waste, sustainability , waste management Temples have long served as centers of devotion, where offering flowers is a significant ritual. However, this practice generates substantial floral waste, with renowned temples like Sheetala Chaukiya, Diyawan Mahadev, and Markandeya Mahadev collectively disposing of several quintals of flowers daily in Kannauj district of Uttar Pradesh, India. These discarded flowers are often dumped into water bodies or open pits, contributing to environmental pollution. Addressing this challenge, the present study explores the sustainable conversion of floral waste into Itra (perfume) using various extraction techniques. The study employed a convenience sampling method, gathering data from 500 respondents involved in the perfume industry in Kannauj. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between increased profit and the success of the perfumery industry (r = 0.567, p < 0.01), as well as between financial assistance and business success (r = 0.643, p < 0.01). These findings underscore the potential of floral waste conversion to enhance economic outcomes for stakeholders. The perfume extraction process demonstrated efficiency, supporting entrepreneurship and providing employment opportunities. Additionally, residual floral waste can be repurposed for composting, contributing to sustainable waste management practices. Overall, this study presents an eco-friendly solution to floral waste pollution while promoting economic development through value-added product generation. This approach not only aids in environmental sustainability but also supports socio-economic growth by encouraging local entrepreneurship and reducing waste disposal issues.
Geospatial Approach to Soil Fertility Mapping in Dailekh District, Nepal: A GIS Perspective
Section: Research Keywords: ordinary kriging, semivariogram, spatial dependency, trend analysis Spatial mapping of the soil gives the distribution patterns of the nutrients, which is crucial for integrated nutrient management, site-specific crop selection, water resource management, and adaptation to climate change for optimizing productivity. This research aims to identify the spatial variability of soil chemical properties in the Dailekh district of Karnali Province, Nepal, by preparing a map in a raster setting. A total of 204 samples were collected using stratified random sampling techniques using Google Earth Pro and were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0 and Arc Map 10.2 software. The classical statistical method was used for the descriptive analysis of sampled data. The Quantile Quantile (QQ) plot was made to visualize the distribution pattern, and non-normal data were log-transformed to match the straight line. Before making a map, sampled datasets were examined using the trend analysis feature of Arc Map using second-order polynomials in 3D scattered plots. The widely used interpolation technique, Ordinary kriging of two Exponential and Circular models, was applied to data and cross-validated with minimum estimated errors. Fertility mapping of parameters results in more than 81%, 56 %, and 57% of the areas covered by nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with medium in status. Similarly, organic matter has low content shades in 65% of areas and moderately acidic pH in 49% of areas. This research supports decision-making for nutrient distribution across agricultural fields and sustainable land management for precision farming.
Assessment of Agro-Morphological and Yield-Related Traits of Vijay Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Variety Under Different Ploughing and Non-Ploughing Techniques
Section: Research Keywords: agro-morphological traits, mechanical ploughing, tillage methods , wheat Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is essential for global food security, but its productivity is constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses, including climate change. This study examines the effects of different tillage methods on the agro-morphological and yield-related traits of the Vijay wheat variety under varying ploughing and non-ploughing techniques. Conducted at the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Research Centre (AMTRC) in Nawalpur, Sarlahi, Nepal, the experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven tillage practices: (i) Cultivator + Rotavator + Seed sowing, (ii) Cultivator + Zero tillage, (iii) Rotavator + Seed sowing + Rotavator, (iv) Zero tillage + Seed drill, (v) Seed drill, (vi) Zero tillage, and (vii) Farmer’s practice. Key traits measured included phenological stages, tiller count, plant height, spike length, leaf number, and grain yield. The results revealed significant variations among tillage practices. The Cultivator + Rotavator + Seed sowing method produced the highest grain yield (4.060 t/ha), outperforming other treatments. Correlation analysis showed that days to maturity (DM) had a strong positive correlation with grain yield (r = 0.700***), whereas days to anthesis (DA) exhibited a negative correlation (r = -0.195). Regression analysis confirmed DM as a key yield determinant (b = 0.1167, r² = 0.462), while plant height also showed a positive influence (r² = 0.412). These findings highlight the importance of selecting optimal tillage practices to improve wheat productivity. Integrating conservation tillage with conventional methods offers a sustainable approach to enhancing yield in diverse agricultural systems.
Impact of Rainfall Variations on the Production of Major Crops: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Maize (Zea mays) in Burao District, Somaliland
Section: Review Keywords: agricultural productivity, constraints, major crops, rainfall variations This study examines the impact of rainfall variability on the production of major crops sorghum and maize in Burao District, Somaliland. Given that agriculture in the region is predominantly rainfed, fluctuations in rainfall patterns significantly affect crop yields and food security. The study reviews existing literature and data to assess trends in rainfall variations and their consequences for agricultural productivity. Findings indicate that inconsistent rainfall, prolonged dry spells, and drought conditions have led to decreased crop yields, affecting both food availability and farmer livelihoods. Additionally, farmers in the region face multiple constraints, including limited access to irrigation, financial resources, and modern agricultural techniques. The study highlights the necessity of climate adaptation strategies, such as drought-resistant crop varieties, improved water management, and policy interventions, to mitigate the impacts of climate variability. Strengthening agricultural extension services and adopting climate-smart farming practices are crucial to ensuring sustainable crop production in Burao District.
Toxicological Effects of Mercury-Induced Biochemical Alterations in Curry Leaves (Murraya koenigii) Plants
Section: Research Keywords: curry leaves, heavy metals, mercury, Murraya koenigii, soil pollution Heavy metals, including mercury (Hg), accumulate in the environment via atmospheric deposition, aquatic transport, and terrestrial pathways, eventually settling in soil and sediments. Once these metals become bioavailable, they pose significant ecological and toxicological risks. Upon exposure, plants absorb them, leading to harmful agronomic, physiological, and biochemical effects. The present study aims to assess the toxicological effects of mercury on the biochemical alterations in Murraya koenigii (curry leaves) plants. M. koenigii plants were assigned to four groups: Group 1 (control) in uncontaminated soil, and Groups 2, 3, and 4 exposed to 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg of Hg, respectively. All plants were kept under controlled environmental conditions to promote optimal growth. The results revealed that elevated mercury concentrations significantly impaired critical growth parameters, including seed germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, and vigour index, all of which reflect suppressed plant growth and productivity. Biochemical analysis further demonstrated substantial reductions in primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates and proteins, with the most pronounced decreases observed at higher mercury concentrations. These alterations suggest that Hg-induced oxidative stress causes cellular damage, disruption of nutrient assimilation, and disturbances in enzyme activity. Additionally, significant reductions in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content were observed, further indicating impaired photosynthetic capacity. Overall, the findings underscore the detrimental effects of mercury on plant metabolic processes, highlighting its potential to cause long-term growth inhibition and metabolic dysfunction, with broader implications for plant productivity, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem health.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Thrips (Thrips tabaci) in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Chadani)
Section: Research Keywords: effectiveness, insecticides, population, thrips Both biotic and abiotic factors have a considerable impact on cucumber production; the frequency of pests and diseases operate as important restrictions, resulting in yield losses ranging from 35 to 60%. Among pests, cucumber leaves, flowers, buds, stems, and fruits are severely damaged by thrips. This study compares the effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling cucumber thrips. The Chadani variety was the subject of an experiment utilizing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications at the Gauradaha Agriculture Campus in Jhapa, from February 14 to May 30, 2023. Treatments were applied 3 times using a foliar spray method. Data regarding the thrips population before spraying insecticides and after the 2nd, 4th, and 6th days of spraying were recorded. Data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA in GenStat (15th edition), with mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Thiamethoxam exhibited the highest Population Reduction over Control (PROC) at 68.65% (first spray), 28.00% (second spray), and 34.44% (third spray), followed by Imidacloprid (61.54%, 27.95%, and 32.27%) and Dimethoate (53.66%, 18.11%, and 17.31%). The highest yield was recorded in Thiamethoxam (28.13 tons/ha), followed by Imidacloprid (26.62 tons/ha) and Dimethoate (19.09 tons/ha). These findings demonstrate that Thiamethoxam significantly reduces thrips populations and enhances productivity and economic returns, making it a superior choice for pest management in cucumber cultivation in Jhapa, Nepal.
Using Digital Tools to Assess Soil Variables in Selected Counties in North Rift, Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: climate change, digital tools, soil variables, sustainable livelihood The need for techniques and instruments that enable rapid soil testing has gained attention in the face of climate change and environmental degradation. This could improve efficiency and productivity by providing real-time, high-quality, and accessible data for decision-making. This study used GPS tools to visualize, analyze, and gather essential field information and applied Near Infra-Red Spectrometry to assess soil parameters and recommend corrective action for sustainable livelihood in five Counties in North Rift Kenya. Soil reaction varied from 5.5 in Kaptega, Transnzoia, to 7.8 in Kospir, Turkana counties. Low soil pH and CEC were recorded in parts of Nandi and Transnzoia counties. Soils from the dryland ecologies in Turkana, W. Pokot, and Samburu were predominantly alkaline. Total organic Carbon was generally low in the dryland ecologies of Samburu and Turkana. Low soil fertility was generally indicated in Samburu, Turkana, and W. Pokot. This was attributable to the low organic carbon levels and low precipitation, which may have negatively influenced soil microbial activity. Sustainable farming practices such as crop rotation, mulching, mixed farming, cover cropping, and minimum/conservation tillage are recommended in areas where crop cultivation is feasible. Amelioration of soils with agricultural lime and organic matter is highly recommended in the affected areas within the agropastoral counties for improved production to guarantee food security and sustainable livelihoods.
A Review on What Consequence Did COVID-19 Leave on Agriculture and Its Associated Sectors?
Section: Review Keywords: agriculture, allied sectors, COVID-19, impacts Throughout history, humanity has grappled with the widespread repercussions of pandemics, both economically and socially. The contemporary landscape contending with multifaceted challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic brings to the forefront a need for a thorough examination of its pervasive impact on agriculture and its interconnected sectors. Governments across the globe have responded with a spectrum of non-pharmaceutical interventions, encompassing measures such as social distancing, self-quarantine, and travel restrictions. While these interventions aim to mitigate the spread of the virus, their consequences also extend to vital sectors such as agriculture, that have received limited attention thus far. The disruption of supply chains, coupled with reduced production and distribution, has engendered a cascade of challenges. Notably affected are sectors integral to agriculture, including floriculture, information collection, pisciculture, irrigation facilities, agro-processing units, animal husbandry, labor availability, etc. The current study aims to disentangle the intricacies of challenges faced by agriculture and its allied sectors in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. By unravelling the complexities of this global crisis, it aims to contribute to the academic discourse, fostering a deeper understanding of the implications for sustainable development, economic resilience, and policy information.
Farmers’ Perception and Adaptation Strategies on Climate Change and Variability in Rice Production in Sarlahi, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: climate resilience, improved rice varieties, sustainable agriculture, temperature variability A study conducted in Sarlahi, Nepal, from February to July 2024 examined farmers' perceptions of climate change and their adaptive strategies to sustain rice yields. Among the 94 surveyed households, 96.8% reported rising temperatures, while 90.4% noted reduced rainfall frequency and intensity. Additionally, most respondents (70.2%) observed decreased flooding intensity, and 90.4% reported lower water availability in tube wells, ponds, and rivers. The study revealed limited climate knowledge among farmers, with only 2.1% being well-informed; personal experience was the primary source of information for 75.5% of respondents. Farmers employed various adaptation techniques, including improved rice varieties (66%), green manuring (34%), and alternate wetting and drying (24.5%), although only a small percentage (8.5%) utilized crop insurance. Key challenges included climate-induced disease outbreaks like blast and bacterial blight, along with pests such as the rice stem borer and leaf roller. The findings indicated that gender and landholding size significantly influenced the adoption of adaptation practices, with larger landholders more likely to adapt than smaller ones. This research contributes valuable insights into the adaptive capacities of farmers facing climate change, underscoring the need for targeted policy interventions to enhance resilience in rice cultivation through comprehensive education and resource support.
Copyright (c) 2024 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological Disturbances and Adaptation of Mangroves in High-Disturbance Urban Areas of Navi Mumbai in India
Section: Research Keywords: coastal ecosystem, conservation, heavy metal toxicity, mangroves Mangroves are coastal ecosystems characterized by salt-tolerant intertidal forest structures that serve as vital buffer zones between the coastal waters and human habitats. They expose an evolutionary course spanning around 60 million years, leading to the emergence of tailored adaptations like salt-excreting glands and prop roots. Despite widespread acknowledgment of their value, mangroves are swiftly declining due to coastal development and climate change. Rapid urbanization has increased anthropogenic pressures on these ecosystems, yet comprehensive assessments of their resilience in highly disturbed environments remain limited. This study looks at the ecological health of mangrove populations across three sites in Navi Mumbai, areas facing high urban and industrial growth. The analysis revealed elevated Zn (-0.88, p < 0.001), Cu (-0.73, p < 0.01), Pb (-0.70, p < 0.05), and Mn (-0.76, p < 0.01) correlating with reduced plant height, alongside consistently acidic water pH (mean = 5.93) and high salinity (range: 35–40 PSU). These conditions amplify metal mobility and toxicity, disrupting pneumatophore function, and lowering DO (mean = 3.8 mg/L), reflecting ecological degradation. Despite these stressors, mangrove populations exhibited decent growth traits, demonstrating a capacity for urban adaptation. Regulations of industrial discharge to reduce heavy metal specifically zinc contamination, coupled with targeted restoration efforts focusing on enhancing mangrove density and structural integrity, are essential to sustain these ecosystems.
Sustainability of Irrigation Practices and Water-Pricing Tools in Water-Stressed Tropical Countries: A Way Forward for Sustainable Water Governance
Section: Review Keywords: irrigation practices, water governance, water pricing, water stress Increasing water stress threatens agriculture, livelihood, and sustainability in Tropical countries. Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries in the Tropical region are projected as the future hotspots of water scarcity due to rising population pressure and climate variability. Around 87 out of 180 countries will turn into ‘water-stressed’ and 45 countries into ‘absolute water scarcity’ by 2050. Irrigation water demand accounts for 70% of all freshwater withdrawals globally. Due to varying climatic, topographical, and governance conditions, the agriculture techniques in the 54 tropical countries are indigenous to the local conditions. The main objective is to review the challenges in irrigation water management in seven water-stressed Tropical countries among the 54 countries. These countries are identified based on the baseline country data mined from FAO’s AQUASTAT database. A systematic literature review focusing on sustainable irrigation practices, the economic effects of water-pricing tools, and the role of policies and institutions were studied. The discussion centered on environmental sustainability, financial sustainability, institutional sustainability, and the resilience of agriculture to climate variability impacts. Community-based interventions, successful financial models, and policy and institutional reforms were perceived from successful irrigation systems. Implementation of climate-smart agricultural practices, shifting to water-saving technologies and irrigation methods, empowering the institutions, and enforcing policies and regulations to restrict resource overuse are recommended solutions for Sustainable Water Governance.
Effects of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Nodulation, and Yield of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. var. Puja]
Section: Research Keywords: bio-fertilizers, Rhizobium, soybean , sustainable agriculture Inefficient fertilizer management is a major reason for the low soybean productivity in Nepal. This study conducted at an altitude of 811 meters in Baitadi, Nepal, examined the effects of integrated nutrient management on soybean growth, nodulation, and yield. Employing an RCBD experimental layout with 3 replications, the study evaluated 9 treatments, namely: Control, Rhizobium+100% PK, Rhizobium+50% RDF, Rhizobium+75% RDF, Vermicompost+50% RDF, Vermicompost+75% RDF, FYM+50% RDF, FYM+75% RDF, RDF (NPK @ 10:40:30 kg/ha). The results revealed that ‘Rhizobium+100% PK’ produced maximum plant height (140.8 cm), dry weight growth rate (2.89 gram/plant/day), nodule count (11.33), and nodule mass (0.55 gram). ‘Rhizobium+75% RDF’ produced the highest number of trifoliate leaves (62.78) and leaf area index (15.30). Furthermore, ‘Vermicompost+50% RDF’ resulted in a maximum fresh weight growth rate (7.86 gram/plant/day), ‘RDF’ resulted in the highest root diameter (12.89 mm), and ‘FYM+75% NPK’ produced highest 1000-grain weight (145.9 g). The treatments ‘VC+75 % RDF’ and ‘Rhizobium+50 % RDF’ stood out with a remarkable grain yield of 3.659 tons/ha and 3.642 tons/ha respectively. These two treatments were statistically indistinguishable regarding grain yield. The application of ‘VC+75 % RDF’ or ‘Rhizobium+50 % RDF’ can prove to be an effective way to enhance the productivity of soybean. However, the performance of soybean can vary depending on the variety, intercultural operations, environmental conditions, and residual nutrient status of the soil. Therefore, we recommend further research to solidify these findings.
A Case Study on Characterization and Management of Solid Waste at Selected Spiritual Sites in Dehradun, India
Section: Research Keywords: biodegradable, solid waste, temple waste, waste management The objective of this study is to evaluate the nature and extent of solid waste generated in selected areas of Dehradun, examining the disposal techniques employed and characterizing the waste produced during both normal days and festival days. Additionally, the study aims to educate the community on solid waste management practices and to calculate the average per capita waste generation. The results demonstrate that the ratio of biodegradable waste, primarily comprising flowers, fruits, and vegetables, constituted the highest proportion of waste in all analyzed temples. Of these, flowers represented the most prevalent form of biodegradable waste. The high percentage of floral waste indicates a significant volume of offerings, underscoring the necessity for the development of effective composting and organic recycling plans. Furthermore, the study demonstrates a correlation between an increase in the average generation of waste and the occurrence of holidays or festivals. Consequently, an analysis of waste-to-energy projects will facilitate the transformation of waste into electricity, thereby creating additional space in temples and promoting the utilization of environmentally friendly energy sources.
Soil Quality Variations Across Different Land Use Patterns in Central Doon Valley of Dehradun, India: A Comparative Study
Section: Research Keywords: barren land, Doon valley , forest area, soil quality Soil is the most basic and yet most complex component of terrestrial ecosystems. It regulates most of the ecosystem processes and provides a large part of the earth’s biodiversity for the physical basis for many human activities. The major objectives of this study are to examine the physio-chemical characteristics of soil in both disturbed and undisturbed areas of Dehradun and to analyze soil pollution indices related to heavy metals in these areas. The study was conducted in the Suddhowala and Selaqui areas of Jhajra Forest Range, Dehradun, India. The soil samples were collected from six different land use patterns of SS1-SS6 from March to May (2024). The Physical parameters such as Moisture Content, Water Holding Capacity, and Electrical Conductivity, and the chemical parameters such as pH, Total Nitrogen, Organic Carbon, Organic Matter, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Sulphur were analyzed and the heavy metals such as Zinc, Boron, Copper, Manganese and Iron were measured. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), degree of contamination (CD), and pollution load index (PLI) were studied. The study finds gaps in how micronutrient status is evaluated to meet the soil needs.
Impact of Metro Construction Activities on Air Quality: A Case Study of Delhi Region in North India
Section: Research Keywords: air quality, air quality index, construction activities, megacity The current study investigated the concerns about the possible effects of metro infrastructure's fast growth on the environment, particularly air quality. This study investigates how the building of metro lines in Delhi, India, affects the quality of the air at the selected locations in south and west parts of union territory of Delhi. Different air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), gaseous pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), were monitored. Air Quality Index (AQI) was also applied to the obtained data to convert the intricate data into single digits. The findings revealed that the values of PM10 and PM2.5 were beyond the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) threshold at the proximity of metro work zones due to construction activity. Moreover, higher NO2 concentrations were noted because of construction machinery operations and vehicle emissions. The study emphasizes the necessity of efficient mitigation solutions, such as green barriers, emission control plans, and dust suppression tactics, to reduce the negative environmental effects of metro development on Delhi's air quality. The results of this study can help urban planners and politicians to create sustainable development plans for transportation infrastructure that protect the environment and public health.
Diversity and Relative Abundance of Insect Visitors of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) at Baisjagar, Tanahun, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: Apis cerana, Diversity, Litchi pollinators, sticky trap Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a highly cross-pollinated plant, and the identification of insect visitors is critical for enhancing its production. A study was conducted in Baisjagar, Tanahun, Nepal, from March to April 2023 to assess the diversity and relative abundance of insect visitors to Litchi trees. The experiment involved the use of yellow sticky traps placed on five different Litchi trees, with two traps installed per tree on branches near the panicles. Readings were taken weekly over four weeks. A total of eighteen insect species from six orders and thirteen families were identified during the study. Among the recorded insects, the order Diptera was the most abundant, accounting for 51.12% of the total, and was represented by five families: Syrphidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Tachinidae. This was followed by Hymenoptera (32.02%), Hemiptera (12.54%), Lepidoptera (2.24%), Coleoptera (1.31%), and Orthoptera (0.74%). The species Apis cerana was the most frequently recorded, with 108 individuals captured. The study highlights the importance of pollinators, particularly Diptera and Hymenoptera, in Litchi production. Effective management and conservation of these pollinating insects can help ensure successful pollination and fruit production. Additionally, integrating apiculture with Litchi farming can enhance pollination services and provide mutual benefits, increasing yields and economic returns for farmers. This study suggested the need for sustainable practices to protect insect diversity in agricultural ecosystems.
Assessment of Drinking Water Quality at Selected Public Places of Meerut City, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: contamination, groundwater quality, industrialization, sustainability Water is essential to all life on Earth, serving as a critical resource for both industrial and agricultural activities. However, the quality of groundwater, particularly in urban areas, is a growing concern due to its direct impact on human health. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in selected public places within Meerut City, Uttar Pradesh, India, to assess its suitability for drinking purposes. A total of 48 groundwater samples were collected from four locations across the city. Various physicochemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and ion concentrations, were measured and compared against the national standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The analysis revealed that while certain parameters such as pH, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate levels were within acceptable BIS limits, others, including TDS, total hardness, magnesium, and calcium, exceeded the permissible thresholds. The Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment further categorized the water quality at all studied locations as 'bad,' indicating significant contamination. The findings suggest that the groundwater in these areas is unsuitable for human consumption without prior treatment. The presence of elevated levels of dissolved solids and hardness, along with other contaminants, highlights the need for immediate intervention to mitigate potential health risks. This study underscores the urgent necessity for effective water management and treatment strategies in Meerut City to ensure safe and sustainable access to potable water.
Nurturing Earth's Foundation: A Comprehensive Review of Soil Conservation Strategies, Challenges and Solutions
Section: Review Keywords: agroforestry, challenges, contour, soil conservation Depending on the country, many challenges affect the availability and quality of food, as well as their nutritional status. This is due to intensive agriculture and the exploitation of external inputs, which are degrading the soil, water, and genetic resources, thereby affecting agricultural performance. Soil conservation is an effective and environmentally friendly technique for promoting modern agriculture that helps in the production of food without hurting the environment. Some of the systematic measures used in soil conservation are contour cultivation, terrace cultivation, cover crops, crop rotation, agroforestry, and the like. However, the application of these strategies is not exempt from difficulties, although they are one of the most promising sustainable solutions. These challenges include technological difficulties, the adoption of conservation tillage practices, and long-term research priorities. This is an attempt to provide a brief overview of various strategies in the field of soil conservation, the multifaceted challenges that arise in these processes, and the methods employed to address these difficulties. In conclusion, we feel that the Ministry needs to organize training programs on adequate measures for soil conservation, as policy assistance concerning capacity building is crucial. Given the challenges identified, it may be effective to introduce the elements of soil conservation into the ministries, departments, or institutions concerned and encourage local stakeholders to participate in the process of solution acceptance and implementation.
Efficacy of Biopesticides for controlling major pests of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Surkhet District, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, fruit fly, pumpkin beetle This study evaluated the efficacy of biopesticides against major insect pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Lekbeshi, Surkhet, Nepal. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted with four treatments: Beauveria bassiana (1 ml/L), Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (2 ml/L), Jholmol (1:5 concentration), and an untreated control. After the third spray, B. bassiana reduced red pumpkin beetle populations from 1.4 to 0.4 insects per plant, while Bt reduced fruit fly populations from 2.8 to 1.6 insects per plant, compared to the control (4.2 to 2.2). At 60 days after transplanting, Bt-treated plants were significantly taller (137.45 cm) than control plants (111.28 cm). Fruit damage was lowest in Bt-treated plots (1.8% and 0.69 kg damage weight) compared to the control (3.8% and 0.69 kg). While yield attributes showed no significant differences, total yield was highest in B. bassiana-treated plots (35.58 t/ha) compared to the control (17.8 t/ha). Economic analysis revealed that B. bassiana treatment had the highest benefit-cost ratio (4.19), followed by Bt (2.9), control (2.8), and Jholmol (2.3). These findings suggest that biopesticides, particularly B. bassiana and Bt, can effectively manage major cucumber pests while improving yield and economic returns, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides in subtropical regions.
Effect of Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus) Residues on Weed Growth Performance of Boro Rice (cv. BRRI dhan58 and BRRI dhan74)
Section: Research Keywords: Boro rice, growth performance, residues, Rumex maritimus Allelopathy plays an important role in weed control and crop productivity. We evaluated the effect of the residues of Rumex maritimus on the growth performance of boro rice comprising two cultivars i.e., BRRI dhan58 and BRRI dhan74 and four rates of R. maritimus residues treatment such as 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 t/ha and a farmers practice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. We identified four weed species (Panikachu, Shama, Shusni, Chesra) belonging to four families. Dry weight of Shama, Shusni, Chesra except Panikachu were significantly affected by variety. The highest Shama dry weight (6.61 g/0.0625 m2) was found in BRRI dhan74 and the lowest weed population (5.81 g/0.0625 m2) was obtained in BRRI dhan58 at 1% level of probability and also the highest Chesra dry weight (5.58 g/0.0625 m2) was found in BRRI dhan74 and the lowest weed population (4.89g/0.0625 m2) was obtained in BRRI dhan58 at 1% level of probability. The highest Shusni dry weight (5.11 g/0.0625 m2) was found in BRRI dhan58 and the lowest weed population (5.00 g/0.0625 m2) was obtained in BRRI dhan74 at a 1% level of probability. Weed density and dry weight were also significantly affected by variety and residue treatment. Results of this study indicate that R. maritimus residues showed the potential to inhibit weed growth of boro rice. Therefore, R. maritimus residues might be used as an alternative way for weed management in effective and sustainable crop production.
Numerical Verification of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation Around the Subsurface Dam Area of Miyako Island, Japan
Section: Research Keywords: groundwater quality, irrigation suitability, Miyako island, numerical modeling, subsurface dam The sustainable management of water resources is essential for agricultural productivity, especially in areas with scarce water availability. This study focused on assessing groundwater quality for irrigation near the subsurface dam area of Miyako Island, Japan. Water samples from three observation points were tested for various parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC), permeability index (PI), Kelley's ratio (KR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR). EC values ranged from 270 to 800 µS/cm, suggesting water quality ranging from doubtful to good. SAR values between 0.23 and 1.49 suggested excellent quality. SSP ranged from 7.90% to 31.71%, mostly indicating good to excellent quality. RSBC values fluctuated between -1.57 to 1.45 epm, largely within safe limits. PI values varied from 40.34 to 75.83, indicating good permeability. Total hardness (TH) ranged from 105.50 to 326.45 ppm, classifying the water as hard to very hard. MAR values were below 50, suggesting potential soil issues. A numerical model confirmed observed Ca²⁺ concentrations, showing an increasing trend due to enhanced CO₂ emissions and lower pH. The data analysis revealed strong positive relationships between SSP and KR (r = 0.984), SAR and SSP (r = 0.951), and SAR and KR (r = 0.960). Despite generally acceptable values, continuous monitoring is recommended, especially for hardness, to ensure sustainable crop production. This study underscores the need for regular assessment and management of groundwater quality in subsurface dam areas to mitigate potential adverse effects on soil and agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2024 A. K. M. Adham, Md. Touhidul Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Access and Use of Information for Enhanced Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices among Smallholder Farmers in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya
Section: Research Keywords: agronomic information, climate-smart agriculture, decision making, decision support The value of information in agricultural production cannot be overemphasized given the challenges caused by the impact of climate change. This study evaluated the importance of accessing and using information for enhanced adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in sorghum production among smallholder farmers in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. The study used a quantitative research method with a correlation design, collecting data from 382 farmers through a questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted with a 10% sample size to assess reliability and validity achieving a CVI value of 0.877445696 and Cronbach’s alpha (α) value of 0.809. Descriptive statistics were used to determine information access and use, while correlation analysis examined associations between age and education and information access and use. The findings showed that farmers obtained information primarily from television, radio, extension workers, and neighbors and friends. The accessibility and use of this information were influenced by age and level of education. The findings are significant since they can help agricultural stakeholders identify and use appropriate channel and context-specific information to disseminate information that would enhance the adoption of CSA practices for improved sorghum yield. This may increase farmers' resilience to climate variability and improve their farming knowledge and skills, potentially leading to better livelihoods for the farming communities in the region. By advocating the provision of easily accessible and relevant information in the appropriate format and media, the findings may aid in policy formulation by providing policymakers with insights when formulating agricultural policies and legislation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Stephen Ajwang, Patrick Owoche, Jonathan Mutonyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Genetic Diversity and Variability of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): A Comprehensive Study in the Bilaspur Region of Chhattisgarh, India
Section: Research Keywords: genetic diversity, variability, Tamarindus indica The genetic diversity and variability of Tamarindus indica L., a valuable multipurpose tree species, was investigated through a comprehensive study conducted in the Bilaspur region. This research aimed to assess the morphological variations and growth responses of T. indica under contrasting environments, specifically agroforestry and natural forest systems. The study employed a rigorous scientific approach, encompassing field surveys, statistical analyses, and morphological assessments. The results indicated pronounced morphological differences between T. indica trees in the agroforestry and natural forest systems. T. indica trees in the natural forest exhibited significantly greater average height and diameter at the breast height (DBH) compared to those in agroforestry settings, highlighting the influence of the environment on growth parameters. Here, the crown diameter displayed homogeneity across both environments, suggesting a potential level of adaptability in this trait. The findings show the importance of considering environmental conditions when assessing the growth and development of T. indica, providing valuable insights for both scientific research and practical applications in agroforestry and conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ankit Ojha, Shiv Shankar Dhuria, Arun Kumar Shukla, Alok Kumar Chandrakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Different Doses of Nitrogen on Growth and Grain Yield of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L., Gold 97)
Section: Research Keywords: phenology, replications, silking, tasseling This study investigates the impact of various nitrogen doses on the growth and grain yield of hybrid maize (Zea mays L., Gold 97). Nitrogen plays an important role in crop phenology, morphology, and grain yield of maize plants. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six levels of nitrogen (150, 160, 170, 180, 190, and 200 kg/ha) in four replications to evaluate the effect of different doses of nitrogen on the growth and yield of maize. Germination percentage, Days to 75% tasselling and silking, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area (LAI), cobs length, grain per row, pod, and total grain yield were recorded. Maximum germination was found in 180 kg N /ha. Plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area (LAI) were found to be maximum in the plots treated with 180-200 kg/ha of N. This field experiment revealed that different nitrogen dose has significant effects on days to 75% Tasselling and silking and found to be maximum in 180 kg/ha N treated plot. Also, nitrogen has a significant effect on cobs length, and grain per row was found highest at 180 kg N/ha. The highest Grain yield was found 180 kg/ha N treated plot. Findings have demonstrated that increasing nitrogen levels can often lead to increased grain yield up to a certain point, after which the yield plateaus or even declines. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing agricultural practices to meet the increasing global demand for cereal crops.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanjay Tamang, Asmita Tamang, Sailendra Rana Magar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Abundance, Morphological Features, and Economic Values of Selected Tree Species in Company Graden of Saharanpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India
Section: Research Keywords: agro-forestry, company garden, timber, tree abundance This study aimed to assess the abundance, morphological features, and economic values of selected tree species (Mango, Eucalyptus, and Bottle brush) within Company Garden of Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Through systematic survey and analysis, the results showed that Eucalyptus emerged as the most abundant species, constituting 40% of the tree population. Mango trees, comprising approximately 35% of the population, were out for their economic importance and cultural significance. While their cultivation offers economic benefits, their influence on biodiversity and soil health warrants careful evaluation, particularly in the context of human cultivation practices. Bottle brush trees, though least abundant at 15%, contribute uniquely to the ecosystem by providing ornamental value and potential wildlife habitat. Their ecological contributions emphasize the importance of preserving biodiversity within the ecosystem. On the other hand, analysis of morphological and economic features highlighted the distinct characteristics of each species. Eucalyptus, with its remarkable height and girth, proves valuable for timber production and ecological functions such as erosion control. Mango trees, prized for fruit production and shade provision, play a crucial role in agroforestry contexts. While Bottle brush trees may not be extensively utilized for timber, their ornamental value and ecological contributions are noteworthy. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the abundance, morphological characteristics, and ecological significance of tree species within the Company Garden.
Copyright (c) 2024 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review on Seed Storage Technology: Recent Trends and Advances in Sustainable Techniques for Global Food Security
Section: Review Keywords: seed storage, resilience, cryopreservation , shelf life Seed storage innovation assumes an essential part in guaranteeing worldwide food security by safeguarding genetic variety and preserving seed feasibility over time. This review article gives a complete outline of ongoing patterns and advances in supportable seed stockpiling strategies. Starting with an investigation of the significance of seed storage about food security challenges, the audit digs into conventional seed storing strategies and their obstacles. Additionally review also provides a comprehensive analysis of maintainable methodologies like controlled air capacity, cryopreservation, and seed preparing, featuring their adequacy in dragging out seed suitability while diminishing energy utilization and natural effect. Moreover, the review discusses the incorporation of digital technologies, for example, artificial intelligence and blockchain, in seed storage management to enhance the traceability and convenience of seed collections. Additionally, the role of community-based seed banks and participatory plant breeding in promoting seed resilience against climate change is explored. By discussing current research findings and practical applications, this review aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners about the diverse range of sustainable seed storage solutions available to safeguard global agricultural biodiversity and ensure food security in the face of evolving ecological challenges.
Morphological Characterization of Kage and Baruwal Sheep (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) Breeds in Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: Baruwal and Kage, characterization, morphology, phenotypic Sheep farming in Nepal is closely linked to its agricultural heritage and contributes to livelihoods and the socio-economic fabric. This study synthesizes the morphological characterization of Kage and Baruwal (Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758) sheep, highlighting their genetic and functional attributes, including body size, conformation, coat color, horn morphology, and reproductive parameters. This study synthesizes the morphological characterization of Kage and Baruwal (O. aries) sheep, highlighting their genetic and functional attributes, including body size, conformation, coat color, horn morphology, and reproductive parameters. The analysis revealed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.01**) in quantitative traits between the two breeds. The Baruwal sheep exhibited higher mean values for tail length (12.96 ± 0.47 cm), ear length (10.67±0.20 cm), neck length (21.75±0.38 cm), chest girth (67.14±0.50), height at hip bone (64.78±0.44 cm), body weight (33.04±0.65 Kg), and height below withers (67.10±0.56). Additionally, correlation analysis of different quantitative traits was found to be significant at the 0.01 level on a two-tailed test. The study's results indicate significant quantitative variations, which suggest genetic adaptations and selective pressures. The analysis of qualitative traits highlights differences in horn presence, shape, fleece, head color, neckline, and tail shape, providing insights into genetic diversity and functional adaptations. The study concludes that comprehending such phenotypic traits helps with breed management, conservation, and sustainable agriculture. The preservation of genetic diversity and adaptability is underscored by indigenous sheep breeds, which requires further research to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits.
A Comprehensive Study on the Effects of Organic Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Broad Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) cv. Manakamana Rayo
Section: Research Keywords: black wonder, broad lead mustard, organic fertilizer, vermicompost Broad Leaf Mustard (BLM) is one of the extensively cultivated vegetable crops in Nepal. In our study, we conducted a thorough analysis to explore how organic fertilizers impact the growth and yield of Broad Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea var. rugosa) cv. Manakamana Rayo in Tarakeshwor Municipality, Nepal. To carry out this investigation, we employed a Randomized Complete Block Design, incorporating seven distinct treatments, labeled as T1 (FYM), T2 (Poultry Manure), T3 (Compost), T4 (Vermicompost), T5 (Black Wonder), T6 (Black Wonder Double), and T7 (Control), each replicated three times. Each treatment plot, measuring 1.2 m2, accommodated 60 plants. The application of organic fertilizers was done during the initial phase of field preparation. Our results highlighted the effectiveness of Vermicompost applied at a rate of 20 tons per hectare. This treatment produced the tallest plants (34.83 cm), longest leaves (32.37 cm), widest leaves (17.73 cm), and increased yields, specifically 61.1g/plant and 2.10 kg per plot. Furthermore, Farm-Yard Manure (FYM) at 28.4 tons per hectare and Black Wonder at 0.96 tons per hectare resulted in the maximum number of leaves (11.67). These findings offer practical insights for farmers and researchers keen on optimizing Broad Leaf Mustard cultivation through the judicious use of organic fertilizers.
Scented Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench): A Novel Avenue to Boost the Millet’s Popularity
Section: Review Keywords: fragrant sorghum, aroma, Basmati, food security The current unpredictability of the climate is, directly and indirectly, affecting global food and nutritional security. In this instance, nutritional enrichment major attribute that is eventually necessary to help conventional crops become more resilient to future calamities. Sorghum is a crop widely acknowledged to be sustainable for the future due to its ability to withstand environmental variations and its crucial role in guaranteeing food and nutritional security. However, the primary obstacle to its broad appeal is the difficulty of garnering public approval. Perhaps the possible solution might lie in the scented sorghum which has enhanced flavors and distinct sensory qualities. The global population has responded most affectionately to fragrant cereals, and apparently, the same opportunity can be utilized by scented sorghum cultivars. It unveils an expanded potential for offering enhanced nutrients per portion compared to conventional alternatives, and it is quite probable that customers would choose them as a fragrant substitute based on previously observed choices. This paper briefly discusses the historical background and current advancements in scented sorghum research. Additionally, it examines the genetic makeup and molecular approaches applied to the diverse fragrant crops, potentially paving the way for sorghum to become a future defender of food and nutritional security. It further emphasizes that combining a nutrient-rich cereal like sorghum with enhanced fragrance and flavors has the potential to enhance its appeal and make it more accessible on the consumer's plate.
Retracted: Effects of Variable Electrical Conductivity Levels in Hydroponic Nutrient Solutions on Morphological and Physiochemical Characteristics of Cucumber Plants in Advanced Greenhouse Cultivation
Section: Research This article has been retracted due to following reasons: Misconduct: Academic misconduct due to serious conflicts and data privacy concerns related to the project. Conflict of interest: A key professor associated with the project has denied the use of data from his project in this publication. The editor-in-chief has no confidence in this article so it was retracted. The authors agree with the retraction.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Potassium Metabisulphite and Bavistin on Postharvest Life of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn var. Muzaffarpur)
Section: Research Keywords: fruit storage, Litchi, postharvest , potassium metabisulphite Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn var. Muzaffarpur) is cultivated in 57 districts of Nepal. However, proper post-harvest loss reduction activities are lacking, resulting in significant losses every year. In June 2023, an experiment on Litchi post-harvest was conducted at HRS, Malepatan. The Litchi fruits were uniformly mature and treated with varying concentrations of potassium metabisulfite (50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm) and Bavistin at 100 ppm. They were then stored at ambient conditions (29±4°C and RH 75±5%) for 10 days. The following parameters were recorded: physiological loss in weight (PLW), decay loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content (Vit-C), and fruit weight to juice ratio. The fruit that was treated with 50 ppm of potassium metabisulphite recorded the lowest PLW at 20.12%. The fruit treated with 125 ppm of potassium metabisulphite had a minimum decay loss of 23.08%. The control treatment had the highest TSS at 23.65% with a minimum TA of 0.50%. The fruit treated with 100 and 125 ppm of potassium metabisulphite had the maximum ascorbic acid content at 87 mg and 85 mg, respectively, and the highest fruit weight-to-juice ratio at -2.80 and 2.73, respectively. Therefore, this study concludes that applying potassium metabisulfite at a concentration of 100-125 ppm is suitable for postharvest treatment of Litchi fruit to prolong its shelf life and maintain its quality parameters.
Copyright (c) 2023 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Various Seed Priming Agents (SPAs) on Germination and Development Parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)
Section: Research Keywords: germination percentage, priming agents, seed health, Vigor index The present study has been conducted to study the effect of various primer treatments i.e., PEG (5%), PEG (10%), NaCl (2%), KCl (2%), CuSO4•5H2O (2%), NaOH (2%) and control on germination and growth of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) varieties (var. Arka Anamika and Clemson). Growth parameters were measured at 10, 20, and 30 DAS, while germination parameters were recorded over a period of seven days. Compared to Arka Anamika, Clemson showed better germination and growth metrics, which also showed significant differences in seed priming treatments. The use of different concentrations of PEG solution for seed priming proved to be particularly effective as evidenced by the highest germination percentage (79%), speed (95.95%), energy (76%), and Vigor index (2037.94 cm). Growth parameters also showed significant differences with these treatments. Similarly, seed priming with 2% NaOH and 2% CuSO4•5H2O had the lowest results for growth and germination metrics. The results highlight how priming can significantly improve the germination and growth of okra seedlings; the Clemson and PEG solution treatments stand out as particularly successful techniques. This highlights the potential for improved okra production through the use of these priming methods.
Impact of Domestic and Industrial Effluent Disposal on Physicochemical Characteristics of River Malin at Najibabad City, India
Section: Research Keywords: health hazard, Malin River, non-perennial rivers, tributaries The current study aimed to assess the health of the Malin River situated in Najibabad city, India by analyzing several physicochemical parameters. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of industrial and domestic wastewater on the river's health. The study was conducted over six months, from January to June 2023, at four different locations along the river. To calculate the water quality index (WQI), the data was further processed, and Pearson correlation was utilized. Except for site 1, most of the analyzed physicochemical parameters exceeded the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) limit, as indicated by the results. The utilization of river Malin water for irrigation, laundry, and vegetable cleaning may pose a health hazard to the public due to high contamination levels at the points where industrial (site 2) and domestic (site 3) effluents continuously mix with the river water. The water quality at all locations is deemed unsuitable for consumption due to a WQI score greater than 100. There are strong positive correlations between total dissolved solids (TDS) and other studied parameters, except for dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity. This suggests the presence of inorganic pollutants concerning organic pollutants. Wastewater treatment facilities are necessary along river coasts to conserve river flora and fauna, as well as water quality, to safeguard human and river health.
Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) for Sustainable Agriculture: Current Prospective and Future Challenges
Section: Review Keywords: biopesticides , signaling, sustainable agriculture , biofertilizers Sustainable agriculture is a global imperative to meet the challenges of food security and environmental protection. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) have emerged as key players in sustainable agricultural practices due to their diverse roles in enhancing plant growth, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. This review explores the diverse facts about PGPB and their potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The review begins by elucidating the mechanisms underlying PGPB-plant interactions, including phytohormone production, nutrient solubilization, and biocontrol activities. This review delves into the intricate signalling networks involved in PGPB-induced systemic resistance. In addition, this review discusses the pivotal role of PGPBs in mitigating abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, highlighting their contributions to climate-resilient agriculture. The ecological implications of PGPB application in sustainable agriculture are discussed, emphasizing the need for responsible and environmentally friendly practices. Furthermore, the use of PGPB for sustainable agriculture holds great promise for addressing the challenges of food security and environmental sustainability. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple roles, mechanisms of action, and potential applications of PGPB, while emphasizing the importance of responsible and environmentally sound approaches in realizing the full potential of PGPB for a resilient and sustainable agricultural future.
Effect of Selected Plant Extracts and Curing on Post-Harvest Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Section: Research Keywords: curing, plant extract , storage quality, vegetable life Onion (Allium cepa L.) suffers a rapid deterioration in quality during storage due to physiological changes and pathological damage. This experiment evaluated the effects of different plant extracts and curing days on the postharvest quality of onion. The experiment was laid out in a two-factor complete randomized design with three replications. One factor was the curing, 0, 5, and 10 days; and another factor was botanical extracts, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) (2%) oil, neem oil (Azadirachta indica L.) (2%), and aloe vera gel (Aloe vera L.) (2%). At 80 days of storage, the use of neem extract showed the minimum loss in physiological weight (10.57%), the minimum sprouting (38.88%), the minimum rotting (35.55%), minimum sprout length (12.89 cm), maximum total soluble solids content (8.43%), minimum titratable acidity (0.50 g/L), and minimum visual color rating (1) due to minimum loss in original color followed by coconut oil and aloe vera gel. Additionally, curing for a duration of 5 days yielded improved outcomes. Consequently, onions that underwent a 5-day curing process and were treated with neem extract exhibited superior quality and an extended shelf life. This approach can be advocated as the optimal method to uphold quality standards and enhance the longevity of onions.
Effects of Seedling and Plant Spacing on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L. Chaite 2)
Section: Research Keywords: monocropping, rice intensification, seedling growth, spacing System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology) increases rice yields while requiring less water and other inputs. It involves the use of specific management strategies that, when used together, provide rice plants with better-growing conditions than those grown using traditional methods, especially in the root zone. An SRI experiment was conducted from February 27, 2022, to July 11, 2022, in rice farmers' fields in Buddhabhumi Municipality, Nepal, using different spacing and seedlings. Spring rice was grown using the SRI with a variety of seeding and plant spacing. The experiment consisted of three plant spacings: 20 × 20, 30 × 30, and 40 × 40 cm, and two seeding groups: regular seeding and pregerminated seedlings. Characteristics were counted, including the number of tillers per mound, leaves, plant height, tillers per square meter, grain yield, and 1000 kernel weight. The result shows that the 20 cm × 20 cm spacing increased tillers per square meter. The spacing also resulted in much higher grain production of 4.29337 Mt/ha. The 30 × 30 cm plot had the tallest plants at 78.10 cm, much higher than the other plots. Similar crops produced significantly more tillers per mound (22.5) when planted at 40 × 40 cm spacing. Since the crops were planted at 40 × 40 cm, the spacing produced significantly more tillers per mound (22.57) and leaves per mound (73.54). Spacing did not affect test weight, nor did the type of seedlings used.
Eco-Friendly Management of Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Using Different Soil Amendments
Section: Research Keywords: Cartap hydrochloride, ethylene response pathway, persistent nematicides, root gall index Field experiment was conducted from March to July 2022 to identify the eco-friendly management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) by using different soil amendments. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design with three replications and seven treatments viz., mustard oil cake at 1.41 kg/2m2 plot, poultry manure at 5.6 kg/2m2 plot, goat manure at 3.25 kg/2m2 plot, vermicompost at 4.30 kg/2m2 plot, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) at 125:110:110 g/2m2, Cartap hydrochloride 4% granule (GR) at 10 g/2m2 plot and control. Disease parameters such as root gall index and number of galls per plant, fresh shoot weight, and fresh root weight were recorded at 72, 105, and 120 days after sowing. Fruit yield was recorded after the final pod harvest. Cartap hydrochloride 4G, poultry manure, and mustard oil cake significantly reduced the root gall index as compared to the control. However, goat manure, vermicompost nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) did not give satisfactory results in reducing root gall index. The maximum yield of okra was recorded in the NPK treated plots although the root gall index was not much reduced. The research results indicated that the most effective treatment for reducing root-knot nematode disease and improving vegetative growth and yield of okra was poultry manure. Therefore, poultry manure along with mustard oil cake could be used as an alternative to highly hazardous and persistent chemical nematicides for the management of root-knot nematodes in okra.
Assessment of Productivity, Profit, and Problems Associated with Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production in West Nawalparasi, Nepal
Section: Research Keywords: benefit-cost ratio, challenges, diseases, profitability, wheat Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple crop in Nepal, has a rich history of cultivation. Despite increasing demand due to population growth and agricultural development efforts, wheat production faces persistent challenges that hinder its expansion and profitability. This research, conducted from February to July 2022 in West Nawalpur district, Nepal, aims to assess the productivity, profitability, and economics, including benefit-cost analysis, of wheat in West Nawalparasi. A total of 100 wheat farmers were selected and the data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study reveals a positive gross margin (NRs 1113.09) and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.6 per 0.3 hectare, indicating the profitability of wheat cultivation. Notably, most farmers procure agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers from local agro-dealers within Nepal, highlighting a preference for domestic sources over imports from India. For irrigation, more than half of the population relies on pumps that draw from open water sources (59%) and use mechanization equipment such as tractors and combine harvesters for field activities. However, the study reveals the complexity of the challenges faced by wheat farmers. Chief among these are the unavailability of adequate irrigation facilities, untimely and inadequate access to agricultural inputs, disease and pest incidence, lack of training and extension services, and lack of mechanization and skilled labor. These constraints, as highlighted by the farmers, affect both productivity and profitability, highlighting the urgent need for initiatives to reduce production costs and improve wheat production in West Nawalparasi.
Understanding the Transcription Factor Mediated Regulatory Mechanism Towards Abiotic Stress Response in Cereal Crops
Section: Review Keywords: abiotic stress tolerance, cereal crops, gene regulation, transcription factors Cereal crops are critical to global food security and are valued for their adaptability and nutritional value. However, they are increasingly threatened by abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, high soil salinity, severe climatic conditions, and nutrient deficiencies. This review focuses on the central role of transcription factors (TFs) in the response of cereal crops to these environmental challenges. TFs, such as the DREB family, the bZIP family, and the WRKY family, emerge as central players in this intricate regulatory network. They initiate or inhibit the activation of stress-responsive genes by binding to specific cis-regulatory elements located in gene promoters and enhance the resilience of cereal crops to various abiotic stresses. For example, DREB1/CBF TFs alleviate cold stress, NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NAC) factors combat salinity stress, and WRKY TFs modulate responses to drought, salinity, and cold stress by initiating vital physiological processes, including osmotic regulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis, ultimately promoting stress tolerance. Genetic engineering strategies that overexpress these stress-responsive genes and TFs hold great promise for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of climate change. In addition, this review also emphasizes the potential of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, to fine-tune the control of genes that respond to abiotic stresses. These findings benefit agriculture by addressing global food security challenges.
Effect of Rhizobium leguminosarum Inoculation and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Chinese Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
Section: Research Keywords: Chinese long bean, nitrogen fertilizer , Rhizobium leguminosarum , transparent plastic mulch An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of Rhizobium leguminosarum inoculation and mulching on the growth and yield of Chinese long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) in Palungtar, Nepal. A split-plot design was used for the experiment, which was replicated four times. Plastic, straw, and no-mulch conditions constituted the main plot factor, while seeds with or without Rhizobium inoculation constituted the sub-plot elements. Growth parameters and yield-related traits of Chinese long beans were recorded at 15-day intervals. Transparent plastic mulching resulted in earlier flowering (46 days), while seed inoculation with Rhizobium resulted in a higher mean number of nodules (106.92) than non-inoculated treatments, with transparent plastic mulching resulting in the highest mean number of nodules (108.21). At 60 days after showing (DAS), plant height was greater in the inoculated treatment (69.23 cm), while at 30 DAS, the non-inoculated treatment had a higher number of leaves (22.28 cm). Similarly, pod length (49.98 cm), pod yield per plant (348.01 g), and total yield per hectare (16.07 t/ha) were all significantly higher with both plastic mulch and seed inoculation with Rhizobium than with the other treatments alone. A positive correlation was observed between plant height (0.81), number of branches (0.44), number of leaves (0.81), number of nodules per plant (0.6), and pod yield. This supports the potential benefits of using seed inoculation with Rhizobium in combination with mulching to improve Chinese long bean growth and increase yield as demonstrated by the results of this study.
A Review on Impact of Different Nitrogen Management Techniques on Maize (Zea mays L.) Crop Performance
Section: Review Keywords: environmental impact, four Rs’ approach, maize, nitrogen Nitrogen (N), as a primary nutrient requirement of maize (Zea mays L.), plays a critical role in its development and productivity. Proper nitrogen management practices involve a delicate balance between providing an adequate amount of this nutrient and mitigating potential environmental impacts. When implemented effectively, these practices can significantly improve corn production. An adequate nitrogen supply promotes vigorous vegetative growth, contributing to strong stalks and an abundance of leaves, which are essential for maximizing the plant's photosynthetic capacity. This lush foliage, in turn, leads to increased photosynthesis and carbohydrate production, providing the energy maize needs throughout the reproductive stage to develop and fill its kernels. In addition, nitrogen is closely linked to kernel development. Well-timed and dosed nitrogen applications can result in larger, well-filled ears with plump kernels, ultimately increasing both the quantity and quality of the maize yield. Environmental considerations, such as reducing nitrogen runoff and greenhouse gas emissions, are important for maintaining ecosystems and mitigating climate change. Thus, this review article highlights the need for a holistic approach to nitrogen management, combining innovative techniques with sustainable agricultural practices, to ensure food security and environmental conservation in maize production systems.
Influence of Gibberellic Acid and Mulch Materials on Yield and Biochemical Attributes of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Festival
Section: Research Keywords: gibberellic acid, mulch material, quality attributes , strawberry One of the most important factors in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cv. Festival production for achieving higher yields is the availability of strawberries with better quality. The experiment was carried out during the period from November 2020 to March 2021 to find out the responses of gibberellic acid (GA3) and mulch materials on biochemical and quality attributes related to strawberry yield characteristics. The experiment consisted of two treatments including different mulch materials: black polythene, white polythene, sawdust, and control (no mulch); and GA3 (0 and 200 mg/L) were studied. Various quality parameters, namely total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugar, phenolic, and anthocyanin content of the strawberries were determined. The results observed in the GA3-treated plants showed more significant results than the plants not treated with GA3. Among the mulch materials, sawdust performed better than the other mulch materials in terms of yield, biochemical, and quality attributes. The highest fruit set percentage (89) and fruit yield (18.70 t/ha) were obtained from the GA3 and sawdust mulch treatments. GA3 and sawdust mulch performed best in terms of quality parameters including TSS, pH, ascorbic acid, total sugar, phenolic, and anthocyanin content. Accordingly, sawdust and GA3 are more responsive to strawberry plant quality parameters. These findings provide practical insights for sustainable strawberry cultivation practices, contributing to increased fruit availability and improved nutritional value for consumers.
Effect of Different Doses of Calcium and Boron Pre-harvest Spray on Post-harvest Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia var. SunKagati-1)
Section: Research Keywords: acid lime, fruit characteristics, micronutrient, quality, shelf-life Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia var. SunKagati-1) has been cultivated in 67 districts of Nepal. Its cultivation is becoming increasingly popular among farmers in Nepal. However, adequate post-harvest loss reduction measures are lacking. A field experiment was conducted in lime orchards in Chitwan during August-September 2019 and 2020. Pre-harvest spraying of different concentrations of calcium (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) and boron (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%) in lime fruit trees was done before 45 and 30 days of fruit harvest. Fruits with the same maturity indices were harvested separately from the treated plants. The post-harvest study was conducted for 1 month under laboratory conditions. Different parameters like physiological loss of weight (PLW), decay loss, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content (vitamin C), and freshness were recorded. Minimum PLW (18.2%) and decay loss (14.3%) were observed in boron (@0.6%) treated fruits. At the end of the experiment, minimum TA (1.79 and 2.12%) was recorded from boron (@0.6%) treated fruits in both years. Calcium (@0.3 %) and boron (@0.4 %) treated fruits expressed the maximum values for TSS in 2019 (9.67ºbrix) and 2020 (7.73 ºbrix), respectively. Fruit harvested from fruit trees sprayed with boron (@0.6%) showed the highest ascorbic acid content (55.47 and 49.61 mg/100g) and better lime freshness (2.67 and 3.0) in 2019 and 2020, respectively. This study concluded that the use of boron @0.6% as a pre-harvest spray can prolong the storage life of sour lime and maintain the fruit quality under environmental conditions of a mid-hill situation.
Effect of Different Doses of Sulfur on Growth and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Lumle Tori)
Section: Research Keywords: crop growth, nutrient, oilseed crop, rapeseed, sulfur application Sulfur plays an important role in the growth and yield of rapeseed plants. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with seven levels of sulfur (60 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 40 kg/ha, 30 kg/ha, 20 kg/ha, 10 kg/ha, and 0 kg/ha in three replicates) to evaluate the effect of different doses of sulfur on the growth and yield of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. Lumle Tori) in Khairahani, Chitwan. Plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, grain per pod, pod weight, fresh weight, dry weight, stover weight, harvest index, and grain yield were recorded. Significant differences were observed in plant height, yield-related traits, and grain yield. The results showed significant differences between the growth and yield-related traits of the different treatments. Plant height and number of branches increased with increasing sulfur dose, reaching a maximum of 60 kg/ha. The maximum number of pods per plant was observed at 20 kg/ha, and the maximum pod length and grain per pod were observed at 60 kg/ha. Grain yield and harvest index were maximum at 20 kg/ha. The results showed that the maximum grain yield could be obtained by applying 20 kg/ha of sulfur. These findings provide valuable guidance for optimizing agricultural practices to meet the increasing global demand for oilseeds.
Recent Advances in Phytoremediation of Hazardous Substances using Plants: A Tool for Soil Reclamation and Sustainability
Section: Review Keywords: eco-restoration , environmental pollution , plant ecology , waste management Phytoremediation techniques have emerged as a promising approach for soil reclamation and remediation of contaminated sites. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the different phytoremediation techniques used for soil reclamation and their effectiveness in removing contaminants from soil. The aim is to evaluate the current state of knowledge and to highlight potential avenues for future research in this field. The review begins with a discussion of the principles underlying phytoremediation, emphasizing the ability of plants to accumulate, tolerate, and detoxify contaminants through various mechanisms such as phytoaccumulation, rhizo-degradation, and rhizo-filtration. Different plant species and their suitability for phytoremediation are reviewed, considering factors such as metal tolerance, biomass production, and pollutant uptake efficiency. In addition, the role of soil amendments and their impact on improving phytoremediation efficiency is critically evaluated. Commonly used amendments, including chelating agents, organic matter, and pH adjusters, are reviewed with emphasis on their ability to increase metal bioavailability and plant uptake. The review also addresses challenges associated with phytoremediation, such as plant growth limitations, long-term sustainability, and potential risks associated with the release of pollutants into the atmosphere during biomass disposal. Strategies to mitigate these challenges, including plant breeding and genetic engineering, are discussed.
Effects of Postharvest Chemical Preservatives on Shelf Life of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Srijana)
Section: Research Keywords: chemical preservatives, infestation, postharvest, shelf life, tomato In recent years, the practice of increasing the shelf life of post-harvest crops is gaining attention worldwide due to the failure of proper techniques to increase post-harvest shelf life. Tomatoes are fragile and have a low shelf life. It fetches low market prices during on-season production and fetches high market prices during off-season production. To address this scenario, research was conducted to study the effect of different preservatives on various physiochemical attributes of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). The effects of preservatives were studied on shelf life, disease infestation days, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and weight loss percentage (WLP) at 2-day intervals during the storage period. The 7 treatments used were 2% CaCl2, 4%, CaCl2, 1% GA3, 3% GA3, 1000 ppm sodium benzoate, 2000 ppm sodium benzoate, and control in distilled water with 3 replications each. Each replication was immersed in a chemical preservative for 20 minutes and kept in a polyethylene bag. Among the treatments, fruits treated with 3% GA3 recorded the longest shelf life of 31.33 days, followed by 1% GA3 (27 days) and 4% CaCl2 (22 days) over the control (15.667 days). Disease incidence days were highest for 3% GA3 (32.33 days) followed by 1% GA3 (28.33 days) and 4% CaCl2 (23 days) over control (16.667 days). The percentage of physical weight loss on the day of data recording was minimum for 3% GA3 treated fruits and maximum for control. Similarly, TA, TSS, and pH of treated fruits show significant results over control.
In-vitro Analysis of Different Trichoderma spp. Against Fusarium Rhizome Rot of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Section: Research Keywords: antagonistic, inhibition, in-vitro evaluation, pathogen, Trichoderma This study evaluated the effectiveness of four isolates of Trichoderma spp. obtained from various plant protection divisions and commercial products for the biocontrol of Fusarium rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Experiments were designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and ten replications. The National Agriculture Research Council (NARC) isolates of Trichoderma spp. were multiplied through direct inoculation on PDA media. Meanwhile, the commercial products of T. harzianum (TRICHO-HR) and T. viride (Biocide Trivi) were prepared as spore suspension. The dual culture technique was used to evaluate the interaction between Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium pathogen. The radial diameter of both Trichoderma and Fusarium was measured every 24 h for 7 days. The experiments in dual cultures demonstrated that various Trichoderma isolates and commercial products significantly inhibited Fusarium mycelial growth. Among the isolates tested, T1-NARC showed the highest efficacy at 57.91% growth inhibition, followed by T2-RPPL (52.50%) and T4-Biocide Trivi (40.98%). However, T3-TRICHO HR displayed lower performance with an inhibition rate of 24.75%. These findings offer valuable insights for the use of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents in ginger cultivation, contributing to improved disease control and enhanced crop health. The observed differences in performance could be attributed to the genetic variations among the isolates.